Download COMPUTER ORGANZIATION AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

COMPUTER ORGANZIATION AND
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Abdul Mannan
Course Objectives
After successfully completing this course, you will be able to:
• Describe the basic components of a Computer System, its instruction
set architecture and its basic fetch-execute cycle operation.
• Describe how data is represented and recognized in a Computer.
• Understand the basics of Assembly Language programming including
addressing modes, subroutines, interrupts, stacks, etc.
• Analyze, design, implement, and test assembly language programs.
Course is About
• What computers are consist of?
• How computers work?
• How to represent information?
• How they are organized internally?
• How design affects programming and applications?
• Programming the machine: Assembly Language
Text Books to Follow
• Assembly Language for x86 Processors ,6th Ed. Kip R. Irvine , Prentice
Hall ,2010
• Computer Organization & Design: The Hardware/Software Interface,
4th Ed. David Peterson & John Hennessy 2008
• Computer organization and Architecture by William Stallings
Subject Schema
The course is divided into two sections:
• Computer Organization: describes how different components fit
together to create working computer system.
• Assembly Language: programming language that uses symbolic
names to represent operations, registers and memory locations.
Computing Machines
• Computing machines are ubiquitous.
• General Purpose: Servers, desktops, laptops, PDAs, etc.…
• Special Purpose: Cash register, ATMs, Games, Mobile Phones, etc.
• Embedded: Cars, door lock, printers, digital players, industrial machinery,
medical equipment, etc.
Computer
Hardware
Electronics circuit boards
that provide
functionality of the system
Software
Program consists
of sets of instructions
that control the system
Inside the Computer
• System software: provides services that are commonly useful,
including
• Operating system
• Handling input/output
• Managing memory and storage
• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
• Translators: translates HLL code to machine code
• Application software: written in HLL.
Moore’s Law
• In 1965, Intel founder Gordon Moore stated:
“The number of transistors per square inch in an integrated circuit
will double every year”
• Current version of Moore’s Law predicts doubling of density of silicon
chips every 18 months.
• Moore originally thought this postulate would hold for 10 years;
advances in chip manufacturing processes have allowed the law to
hold for 40 years, and it is expected to last for perhaps another 10
Abstraction
Complete definition of abstraction includes the following:
• Suppression of detail
• Outline structure
• Division of responsibility
• Subdivision of system into smaller subsystems
Abstraction and Computer System
• Can look at a computer as being a machine composed of a hierarchy
of levels.
• Each level has specific function
• Each level exists as a distinct imaginary machine (or virtual machine)
• Each level’s virtual machine executes its own particular set of
instructions, calling upon machines at lower levels to carry out tasks
as necessary
App7
HOL6
Asmb5
OS4
ISA3
Mc2
LG1
• Each level has its own language to describe tasks
performed by Computer
Machine-independent
• Text uses the following labels to describe levels of
abstraction in a computer system:
Machine-specific
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: App7
• The application level is composed of those programs designed to do
specific kinds of tasks for end users.
• An application may have some sort of programming language
associated with it (macros or shortcuts, e.g.)
• Ideally, end users need not be concerned with the actions and
language(s) associated with lower levels in the abstraction hierarchy.
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: HOL6
• The high order language layer is the layer of abstraction at which
most programmers operate.
• Applications are typically written in high order languages.
• High order languages are characterized by:
• Portability across platforms.
• Relative ease of use.
• Relatively high level of abstraction, requiring translation of program code
prior to execution.
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: Asmb5
• The assembly language level is an intermediate step between high
order language and the machine language of a particular processor.
• Programs at the HOL6 level are usually compiled to level Asmb5, then
translated (assembled) to machine language.
• Source code can also be written in assembly language.
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: OS4
• The operating system is responsible for the tasks related to
multiprogramming, including:
• Memory protection
• Process synchronization
• Device management
• Operating systems were originally developed for multiuser systems, but
even most single user systems utilize an operating system.
• Compilers and assemblers are also considered systems software.
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: ISA3
• The instruction set architecture, or machine language level, consists
of the set of instructions recognized by the particular hardware
platform.
• Instructions at this level are directly executable without any
translation.
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: Mc2
• The microinstruction or control level is the level at which the
computer decodes and executes instructions and moves data in and
out of the processor.
• The processor’s control unit interprets machine language instructions,
causing required actions to take place.
Abstraction and Computer Systems
Level: LG1
• The digital logic level consists of the physical components of the
computer system, the actual electronic gates and wires.
• Boolean algebra and truth tables can be used to describe the
operations at this level.
Functions of a Computer
• Functions of all computers are:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control
Functions of a Computer
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Data Movement
e.g. Keyboard to screen
Functions of a Computer
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Storage
e.g. Internet download to Hard Disk
Functions of a Computer
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movemen
t
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Processing from/to storage
e.g. Updating Word/Excel File
Functions of a Computer
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movemen
t
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Processing from storage to I/O
e.g. Printing a Word/Excel File
Anatomy of Computer: Block Diagram
Anatomy of Computer: Detailed Block
Diagram
Anatomy of Computer: Detailed Block
Diagram
Anatomy of Computer: Detailed Block
Diagram
Processor (CPU)
Control Unit
Common Bus (address, data & control)
Datapath
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Registers
Memory
Program
Storage
Data Storage
Output
Units
Input Units
Anatomy of Computer: CPU
Control Unit
Datapath
• Decodes and monitors the execution of
instructions.
• Controls flow of information in CPU, memory, I/O
devices:
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
• System clock (Intel® Core™ I7-720QM Processor
(1.6GHz, turbo up to 2.8GHz, 6MB L3 Cache))
Registers
• Maintains a register called program counter(PC)
Processor (CPU)
Anatomy of Computer: CPU
Control Unit
Datapath
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Registers
Processor (CPU)
• ALU – Performs all arithmetic computations &
logic evaluations.
• Registers – Storage location in CPU, used to hold
data or a memory address during the execution of
an instruction..
Anatomy of Computer: Common Bus
Common Bus (address, data & control)
• A group of conducting wires that allow signals to travel from one
point to another:
• Address bus – The location of data in memory or I/O devices.
• Data bus – Carry data in & out from CPU.
• Control bus – Control the operation of the CPU.
Anatomy of Computer: Memory
• RAM
• Volatile – Cannot retain data without power.
• Allows the processor to read from & write into any location on memory chip.
• ROM
• Nonvolatile – When power is removed, the reapplied, the original data will
still be there.
• Can only be read, cannot be written to or by the processor.