Download Socialization in the Self and Mind

Socialization in the Self and Mind
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Society Makes Us Human
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Feral Children
Isolated Children
Institutionalized Children
Deprived Animals
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Feral Children
• Raised by Animals
• Unable to Speak
• Walk on all Fours
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The relative influence of heredity and the environment in
human behavior has fascinated and plagued researchers.
Twins intrigue researchers, especially those twins who
were separated at birth.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
One of the reasons I went to
Cambodia was to interview a feral
child—the boy shown here—who
supposedly had been raised by
monkeys. When I arrived at the remote
location where the boy was living, I
was disappointed to find that the story
was only partially true. When the boy
was about two months old, the Khmer
Rouge killed his parents and
abandoned him. Months later, villagers
shot the female monkey who was
carrying the baby. Not quite a feral
child—but Mathay is the closest I’ll
ever come to one.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Isolated Children
• Language is the key to human
development; without language, people
have no mechanism for developing
thought and communicating their
experiences.
• Without language there can be no
culture—no shared way of life—and
culture is the key to what people become.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Institutionalized Children
• Skeels and Dye discovered that orphanages that did not
stimulate social interaction affected a child’s ability to
develop social skills. “High intelligence” depends on
early, close relations.
• The Skeels/Dye study has been confirmed in Indian
orphanages.
• At some point, maybe age 13, children are not able to
receive enough socialization to help them develop
normally.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A child in an orphanage in
Juba, Sudan. The treatment
of this child is likely to affect
his ability to reason and to
function as an adult.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Deprived Animals
• Rhesus monkey experiments demonstrate the importance of early
socialization and a consequence of isolation being the inability to
socialize with other monkeys.
• Humans are not monkeys, but it confirms data from isolated
humans.
• This process by which we learn the ways of society (or of particular
groups), called socialization, is what sociologists have in mind
when they say, “Society makes us human.”
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Like humans, monkeys need
interaction to thrive. Those
raised in isolation are unable to
interact with other monkeys. In
this photograph, we see one of
the monkeys described in the
text. Purposefully frightened by
the experimenter, the monkey
has taken refuge in the soft
terrycloth draped over an
artificial “mother.”
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Socialization into the Self and Mind
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Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
Mead and Role Taking
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
• Cooley notes that our sense of self
develops from interaction with others.
• Although the self-concept begins in
childhood, its development is an ongoing,
lifelong process.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Society Within Us: The Self and
Emotions as Social Control
• The ways in which we express our
emotions are culturally determined: social
class, gender, our culture, the setting can
all affect if and how we express ourselves.
Your social mirror, then—the result of your
being socialized into a self and emotions—
sets up effective internal controls over
your behavior.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Socialization into Gender
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Learning the Gender Map
Gender Messages in the Family
Gender Messages from Peers
Gender Messages in the Mass Media
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning the Gender Map
• Gender: Attitudes and Behaviors Expected
of Us Because We are Male/Female
• Gender Map/Gender Socialization
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Messages in the Family
• Our parents are the first to introduce us to the gender
map. Sometimes they do this consciously, perhaps by
bringing into play pink and blue, colors that have no
meaning in themselves but that are now associated with
gender.
• On the basis of our sex, our parents give us different
kinds of toys.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
It is in the family that we first learn how to do gender, how to
match our ideas, attitudes, and behaviors to those expected of us
because of our sex. This photo is from Papua New Guinea.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Messages from Peers
• One of the most powerful sources of
influence is the peer group, individuals of
roughly the same age who are linked by
common interests.
• Peer Groups
– Girls reinforce images of appearance and
behavior appropriate for females
– Boys police one another’s interests and ways
of discussing sex and violence
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The gender roles that we learn during childhood become part
of our basic orientations to life. Although we refine these roles
as we grow older, they remain built around the framework
established during childhood.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sokol (Zhire) Zmajli, aged
80, changed her name from
Zhire to the male name
Sokol when she was young.
She heads the family
household consisting of her
nephew, his wife, their sons,
and their wives.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Messages in the Mass Media
• A major guide to the gender map is the mass media,
forms of communication that are directed to large
audiences.
• A key part of gender is body image, and the mass media
are effective in teaching us what we “should” look like.
While girls are presented as more powerful than they
used to be, they have to be skinny and gorgeous and
wear the latest fashions.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Messages in the Mass Media
• Sociologists have begun to study how video games
portray the sexes, but we know little about their influence
on the players’ ideas of gender. The message of male
dominance continues, as females are even more
underrepresented in video games than on television: 90
percent of the main characters are male.
• From an early age, you have been bombarded with
stereotypical images of gender. If you are average, you
are exposed to a blistering 200,000 commercials a year.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The mass media not only
reflect gender stereotypes
but they also play a role in
changing them.
Sometimes they do both
simultaneously. The image
of the “new” Lara Croft
not only reflect women’s
changing role in society,
but also, by exaggerating
the change, it molds new
stereotypes.
© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.