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Introduction Psychology 612 Psy 612 - Introduction 1 What is Cognitive Science? • Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of intelligence and intelligent systems, natural or artificial - Mathematics (mathematical theory of intelligence) - Computer Science (computational algorithms of ...) - Neuroscience (neurophysiological foundations of ...) - Psychology (behavioral manifestations of ...) - Philosophy (ontological foundations of …) - Linguistics (linguistic foundations of …) - Anthropology (cultural foundations of …) Psy 612 - Introduction 2 Interdisciplinary Efforts for Studying Mind • Psychology (cognitive psychology) – • Behavioral experiments (e.g., word recognition) Biology (neuroscience) – • Physiological experiments (e.g., cell firing) Philosophy (philosophy of mind) – • Thought experiments (e.g., logical analysis) Computer Science (artificial intelligence) – • Algorithmic analysis & simulations Anthropology – Cross-cultural study of how people think Psy 612 - Introduction 3 What is Intelligence? Thesis 1: Intelligence is a type of computation. Thesis 2: The brain is a computing “machine”. Psy 612 - Introduction 4 Are these works/evidence of intelligence? Psy 612 - Introduction 5 Landmark Events in Cognitive Science • • • • • • 1936: Definition of computation (Turing) 1956: field artificial intelligence born (Minsky & McCarthy) 1960s: Computer chess program (Newell & Simon) 1977: Journal Cognitive Science launched 1979: 1st annual meeting of Cognitive Science Society 1997: IBM Deep Blue beat Kasparov Psy 612 - Introduction 6 Cognitive Science in a Nutshell The mind does not exist or is irrelevant Computational modeling of the black (“mind”) box Psy 612 - Introduction 7 Neural Networks Psy 612 - Introduction 8 What Questions in Cognitive Science? • • • • How do we think? What is the nature of mind? What is knowledge? How is it possible? How does the brain create a mind? – The Mind-Body Problem • Can a computer think? • What is the nature of self? Is it an illusion? • What is consciousness? Psy 612 - Introduction 9 Major Players in Cognitive Science • • • • • • • • • A Turing (Universal Turing Machines) (click) G Miller (“seven plus or minus two”) M Minsky & J McCarthy (Artificial Intelligence) A Newell & H Simon (General Problem Solver) N Chomsky (Universal Grammar) D Huble & T Wiesel (feature detecting cells) D Rumelhart & J McClelland (neural networks) J Searl (mind and computer) F Crick & C Koch (neural consciousness) Psy 612 - Introduction 10 Cognitive Science and H. Simon Psy 612 - Introduction 11 Major Applications & Accomplishments • • • • • • • Robotics (e.g., Honda’s humanoid robot project) Computer vision (e.g., biometric devices) Voice-activated dialing Expert system (e.g., credit card evaluation) IBM’s Deep Thought & Deep Blue (click here) Google.com’s internet search engine ….. Psy 612 - Introduction 12 Despite all the excitement and past accomplishments, ….., We have not a single clue about the tantalizing question of the field: “How does the mind really work?” Until we do,...the beat goes on… Psy 612 - Introduction 13