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TURNING TO CRIME Upbringing Rank these factors as to how much they would affect a person who turns to crime: • • • • • • • • Television Gender Social class Occupation Newspapers Genes Parents Brain function Pets Age Education` Addictions Films Peers Siblings Upbringing • Influence of upbringing includes influences from families, friends, teachers and general life experiences such as where a person has been brought up. • It is unlikely that a single factor will explain this, but we can try to build a picture of effects that come together as potential triggers of criminal behaviour. Rhys Jones • Jones, who played for the Fir Tree Boys football club, was on his way home from football practice with two friends. As he was crossing the Fir Tree pub car park, on Fir Tree Drive South in the Croxteth Park estate, Liverpool, a hooded youth riding a silver mountain bike approached. He then held out a Smith & Wesson handgun at arm's length firing three shots. It was originally believed that one of the shots hit Jones in the neck, but during the trial the pathologist revealed the bullet had entered his back "slightly above the left shoulder blade" and that it had then "exited from the front right side of his neck". Who was Rhys Jones’ Murderer? The making of a criminal The murder of Rhys Jones Sean Using Mercer, lived at Good Shepherd thewho three pieces of research Close, Croxteth, years when you he evidence overwas the16 next twoold lessons shot outside the Fir Tree pub in willRhys consider which of them explains the murder ofasRhys mostwalked accurately. August 2007 the Jones schoolboy back to his home from football practice. As wewas go through the you may Mercer a member ofresearch a gang called the Croxteth wantintoLiverpool. note down when acrossthat killed Crew When heyou firedcome the bullets anything that could used as evidence to in a Rhys he was trying to be shoot people who were explain thehim, Rhys Jones murder. different gang to the Norris Green Gang. Turning To Crime Upbringing Disrupted Families Learning From Others Poverty Farrington Sutherland/Akers Wilkstrom & Tafel Disruptive Families • Many would argue that the biggest influence on criminality is family. • If your family are criminals it is likely that you will also be a criminal. • However, this is obviously a very deterministic explanation, as it ignores individual differences, some people do manage to buck the trend and turn their lives around. • Conversely, some people from law abiding families go on to become criminals. Read page 8 of your booklet • Describe what has been the cause of marital instability? • What did the authors of ‘Broken Homes’ say about disrupted families? Further Notes This study, then, aimed to look not simply at broken vs. intact homes but also to disentangle a number or pre- and post- disruption variables to consider their effect on delinquency. These included: Pre-disruption variables Post-disruption variables Reasons for the disruption Timing of the disruption Gender of the lost parent Level of conflict Gender of the custodial parent Subsequent family reconstitution Learning From Others • What is the differential association (pg 10)? Learning from others Sutherland’s theory of Differential association is based on 9 principles. • Edwin H.Sutherland (1939) used social learning theory principles to produce his differential association theory. Sutherland suggests that criminal behaviour is learned through exposure to criminal norms, which happens within the family and peer group. Criminal behaviour results from two factors: • Learned attitudes (criminal behaviour becomes the accepted social norm) • Imitation of specific acts (how to do the behaviour is observed and then imitated) In situations where there is peer pressure a young person moves away from parental influence and learns a new set of ‘rules’ about which situations are appropriate for deviant behaviour. Evidence 2: Sutherland • Summarise Sutherlands 9 Points: Evidence 2: Sutherland Explain these three points in more detail. • 1. Criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. • 2. The principle part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups. • 3. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable. Poverty and Disadvantaged Backgrounds • In terms of the relationship between poverty/disadvantaged neighbourhoods and crime, there is not a direct link. Instead, poverty and disadvantage are associated with the risk factors that may lead a person into crime. • Government figures show that the most disadvantaged 5% in society are 100 times more likely to have multiple problems than the most advantaged 50%. • The question for researchers then is to investigate how individual risk factors, lifestyle and living in a disadvantaged area/poverty interact to lead a person into crime, and to consider the relative importance of individual and situational factors in turning to crime. • Just how big an influence does social disadvantage have on whether a person turns to crime or not? • The Peterborough Youth Study set out to test these factors and others to see which in fact were the most significant predictors of criminal behaviour. What can we conclude from this study Wikstrom suggested there were three different groups of adolescent offenders Propensity-induced Lifestyle-dependent Situationally-limited Back to reality In pairs, look carefully at the Farrington study and see whether you can apply any part of this research to the Rhys Jones murder. Can you explain the behaviour of Sean Mercer using this piece of research? Be ready to feedback to the class. Back to reality: The Peterborough Youth Study In pairs, look carefully at the see whether you can apply any part of this theory to the Rhys Jones murder. Can you explain the behaviour of Sean Mercer using this piece of research? Be ready to feedback to the class. Which out of the three explanations would be the best explanation for you Rhys Jones was murdered? Back to reality In pairs, look carefully at the Sutherland theory and see whether you can apply any part of this theory to the Rhys Jones murder. Can you explain the behaviour of Sean Mercer using this piece of research? Be ready to feedback to the class. January 2013 How can criminal behaviour be learnt from others? (10)