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SSWH10 The student will analyze
the impact of the age of discovery
and expansion into the Americas,
Africa, and Asia.
a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors;
include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher
Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and
Samuel de Champlain.
Explorers and Conquistadors
• Explorers: those who ventured into
unknown regions to discover new things
(trade routes, lands, the unknown)
• Conquistadors: Those, especially the
Spanish, who traveled to other lands to
conquer and subjugate the people: often in
search of fame and fortune
Explorer versus Conquistador
• Examples of
explorers are
Christopher
Columbus, Vasco de
Gama, and Samuel
de Champlain.
• Examples of
Conquistadores are
Hernan Cortes,
Francisco Pizarro,
and Hernando de
Soto.
Zheng He (jung huh)
• A Chinese explorer in
the early 1400s
• Explored the Indian
Ocean area using huge
fleets to explore and
show off Chinese
superiority
• Fleet numbered 27,000
on some voyages, they
included sailors,
soldiers, carpenters,
interpreters, and
doctors.
One of Zheng He’s fleets contained
over 27,000 men, with ships over 400
feet long.
Zheng He (China)
• Voyages ranged from
Southeast Asia to eastern
Africa.
• He distributed gifts of gold
and silver to show Chinese
superiority.
• More than 16 countries
began to send tribute to
China.
• After the last of his
voyages, China withdrew
into isloation
Vasco da Gama
• Portuguese sailors had been
exploring the western coast of
Africa since the early 1400s
• In 1497, da Gama sailed around
the tip of Africa and headed north
towards India
• In India, da Gama, found Indian
cities full of spices and jewels
• Filled ships with pepper and
cinnamon and returned to
Portugal.
• Cargo was worth 60 times the cost
of the voyage.
Vasco de Gama (Portugal)
• He established the first
ocean based European
trade route to India
which led to the
establishment of a
Portuguese trading
empire
Christopher Columbus
• Italian sailor, who sailed
for Spain, attempting to
find a shorter trade
route to India (1492)
• Instead he landed in the
Bahamas, but believed
he was off the coast of
India
• Columbus’ next three
voyages to the New
World were to establish
colonies for Spain
Ferdinand Magellan (Spain)
• Portuguese explorer who
sailed for Spain (1519)
• Sailed around the tip of
South America and named
the Pacific Ocean
• Explored Guam and reached
the Philippines were he was
killed in a local war.
• The remainder of his crew
continued westward and
became the first voyage to
circumnavigate the globe
James Cook (Great Britain)
• Made a series of three voyages
exploring the Pacific Ocean
(1760s-1770s)
• Included claiming New Zealand
and Australia for England and
sailed below the Arctic Circle
• Discovered the Hawaiian
Islands and was killed there in
the late 1770s
• Cook is credited with mapping
much of the Pacific Ocean, and
discovering new lands
Samuel de Champlain
• A French explorer (early 1600s) know as the
“Father of New France”
• Explored the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes,
and established Quebec City
Samuel de Champlain (France)
• In 1608 he sailed up
the St. Lawrence river
with 32 colonist.
• They founded
Quebec, which
became the basis of
France’s colonial
empire in North
America.
• This new colonial
empire became
known as New
France.
b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its
global economic and cultural impact.
Columbian Exchange
• This was the interaction between Europe,
North American colonists, and Africa
• This interaction included the intentional
and unintentional exchanges of plants,
animals, and diseases between the three
continents
• European diseases killed off millions of
Native Americans who had no immunity to
them
Columbian Exchange
• The global
transfer of foods,
plants, and
animals during
the colonization of
the Americas.
• This transfer of
goods went both
ways.
New things from the New World
• Ships from the
Americas brought back
a wide array of items
never before seen in
Europe.
• Plants included
tomatoes, squash,
pineapples, tobacco,
cacao beans, corn, and
potatoes.
• Animals, such as the
turkey, were also
brought back.
New things from the Old World
• Europeans introduced
livestock animals into the
Americas.
• These included horses,
cattle, sheep, and pigs.
• Foods from Africa were
introduced including
bananas, black-eyed
peas, and yams.
• Grains introduced
included wheat, rice,
barley, and oats.
Disease
• Diseases brought to
the Americas had a
tragic impact.
• They included
smallpox and
measles and led to
the death of millions
of Native Americans.
• Other diseases
included influenza,
typhus, malaria, and
diphtheria.
Global trade
• New wealth from the
Americas and a
growth of overseas
trade promoted a
wave of new business
and trade practices.
• Capitalism,
mercantilism, and the
joint-stock company
are all results of the
Columbian Exchange.
Economic revolution changes
society
• Led to a growth of
towns and the rise of
a class of merchants.
• Increased the wealth
of European nations
and created national
identities.
c. Explain the role of improved technology in
European exploration; include the astrolabe.
The Tools of Exploration
• On the open seas
winds could blow
ships off course.
• Sea captains had only
the sun, moon, and
stars to guide them
• European inventors
and sailors devised
new tools for
navigation and a new
ship for ocean-sailing.
The caravel
• A versatile ship with
triangular sails for
maneuverability and
square sails for
power.
• A large cargo area
could hold numerous
supplies for long
voyages.
• It had a shallow draft
to explore close to the
shore.
The astrolabe
• A brass circle with
rings marked off in
degrees.
• Using the rings, a sea
captain could
calculate latitude, or
how far north or south
of the equator the
ship was.
• The astrolabe was a
Muslim invention.
The sextant
• The sextant replaced
the astrolabe as the
instrument for
measuring the height
of stars above the
horizon.
• This was a more
accurate way to
determine latitude
and longitude.
The compass
• Explorers were able
to accurately track
their direction by
using a magnetic
compass.
• The needle of a
magnetic compass
points north.
• The compass was
invented by the
Chinese.