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2.3 Carbon Compounds-Carbon and Carbos Organic Chemistry • Study of carbon and the bonds that form between them Carbon 6p 6n 6 e- Carbon can bond to 4 e- • Total of 6 electrons • 4e- in outer shell Can bond to 4 H Hydrocarbons • Contain hydrogen and carbon METHANE • One carbon Carbon Skeleton • Carbon Chain • Here with 6 carbons (hexane) Unbranched Can be branched • Like here with isooctane • (8 carbons) Rings • Cyclohexane Note the ring Aspirin Note the ring Aspirin Isomers isos = "equal", méros = "part". • Compounds with the same chemical composition but different orientation Isomer Examples Contrast Caraway and Spearmint Isomers • Caraway and Spearmint • Single bond (ethane) • Double bond (ethene) • Triple bond (ethyne) Single, Double, Triple Bonds 4 most common elements of life Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen C H O N 4 Types of Macromolecules • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Carbohydrates • Lipids Macromolecule or Polymer • a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits strung together Polymer • A large molecule (macromolecule) consisting of many smaller molecules (monomers) into chains Monomers • the subunits that serve as the building blocks Polymerization •Joining monomers to make a polymer • LINK Animation of a Condensation Polymerization Dehydration Synthesis A.K.A. polymerization Dehydration Synthesis • Start with small molecules (monomers), by removing water end with large molecules (polymers) Dehydration Synthesis • Monomers (small molecules) are linked together by a process that takes out a molecule of water to form a polymer (macromolecule). Hydrolysis Hydrolysis • Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis in which bonds are broken by the addition of water Hydrolysis • Start with large molecules (polymer) add water and end with small molecules (monomer) Carbohydrates are Made Of: • C:H:O 1 : 2 :1 C6H12O6 glucose Carbohydrates • “Sugars” • Names for Carbohydrates end in –ose • Monomers: monosaccharides Carbohydrates • Glucose (C6H1206) is the most common monosaccharide • basic formula CH2O KNOW: Glucose = •C6H12O6 Monomer of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • -main use in body: fuel • EX: glucose - common galactose –milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides-single sugars –the monomer of carbos • Disaccharides-double sugars • Polysaccharides-many sugars Monosaccharide • CHO in ratio of 1:2:1 Disaccharides “double sugars” double sugars with the formula C12H22O11 Disaccharides Polysaccharide Chains of monosaccharides EX: starch is made of many glucose molecules Disaccharide Examples • sucrose = glucose + fructose ` common table sugar • maltose = glucose + glucose – Beer sugar • lactose = glucose + galactose. – Milk sugar Polysaccharide: many sugars Polysaccharides • are macromolecules with a few to 1000 monosaccharides linked together Polysaccharides • Storage Polysaccharides: starch (from plants) and glycogen (from animals) • Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of arthropods) and cellulose (in plant cell walls) STARCH • Made of glucose molecules • Stores sugar Starch •Foods found in: Potatoes, wheat, corn, rice •Found in plant roots Glycogen • ANIMAL STORAGE Made of excess sugar • Found in animal livers and muscle cells • Foods: meats Glucose Glycogen Glycogen • Is the storage form of glucose in animals. • Composed of thousands of glucose molecules. Cellulose: plant cell walls stiff Us: good fiber Glucose polymer Chitin • Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose • exoskeleton of insects, crabs Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? • • • • • • cellulose chitin glucose glycogen sucrose starch Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? • • • • • • Cellulose Chitin Glucose Glycogen Sucrose Starch P P M M D P