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Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction and Terminology
Anatomy of Terms
• Prefix
– Beginning of word
– Usually indicates #, location,
time, or status
• Root
– Essential meaning of word
• Combining Vowel
– Single vowel added to end of
word, usually to make the
word easier to pronounce
• Combining form
– Root and combining vowel
• Suffix
– End of word
– Usually indicates procedure,
condition, disease, or
disorder
Prefix
• Added to root of a word to modify the meaning
– Pre• Before
• Ex. Preoperative (before an operation)
– Peri• Around
• Ex. Perioperative (pertains to the period surrounding an operation;
either before, during or after)
– Post• After
• Ex. Postoperative (after operation)
Combining Vowel
• Added to make a medical term easier to pronounce
– Used when suffix begins with a consonant
• i.e. –scope (arthroscope=examines the joint)
• “O” is most common, but “I, E” is also used
– Not used when suffix begins with vowel
• i.e. –itis (gastritis=inflammation of stomach)
– ALWAYS used when 2+ root words are joined
• Gastr/o (stomach) joined with enter/o (small intestine)
• =gastroenteritis
– NOT used between prefix and root words
Combining Forms
• Root word + combining
vowel
• Usually used to describe a
part of the body
• Creates new words when
added to prefixes, other
combining forms, and
suffixes
• Ex. Panleukopenia
– Pan• prefix meaning all
– Leuk/o
• Combining form meaning
white
– -penia
• A suffix meaning deficiency
or reduction in number
– Panleukopenia then means a
deficiency in all white blood
cells
Suffixes
• Attached to the end of a word part to modify
its meaning
– Ex. Combining form gastr/o means stomach
– Modifications:
• -tomy – cutting into or incision (gastronomy=incision
into the stomach)
• -stomy – surgically created opening
(gastrostomy=surgically created opening between
stomach and body surface)
• -ectomy – surgical removal or excision
(gastrectomy=surgical removal of the stomach)
Analyzing Medical Terminology
• Dissect
• Examples:
– Look at the word
structure and divide it
into basic components
• Begin at the END
– After dividing the word:
• Define the suffix
• Define the prefix
• Define the roots
– If two, divide and read
left to right
– Gastroenteritis
• gastr/o –
• enter –
• itis-
– Overiohysterectomy
• ovario/o• hyster
• -ectomy
Positional Terms
• Cranial
– Towards the head
• Caudal
– Towards the tail
• Ventral
– Belly or underside or a
body or body part
• Dorsal
– Back
– Front of leg/paw
• Rostral
– Nose end of head
• Proximal
– Nearest the mid-line or
nearest the beginning of
a structure
• Distal
– Farthest from mid-line or
farthest from the
beginning of a structure
More Positional Terms
• Anterior (in front of)
– Front of the body
– Used more in description
of organs or body parts
because front and rear
are confusing terms in
quadrupeds as their
bellies are down not in
front like in humans
• Posterior (in back of)
– Rear of the body
• Medial
– Towards the midline
• Lateral
– Away from the midline
– Towards the side of animal
• Superior
– Any area towards the head
* Inferior
– Any area towards the feet
One More Positional…
• Superficial
– Near the surface
– Also called external
• Deep
– Away from the surface
– Also called internal
 Palmar
- Back of the forelimb
 Plantar
- Back of hind limb
Anatomical Planes
Anatomical Planes
• Median Plane
– Divides the body into EQUAL
left and right halves
• Sagittal Plane
– Parallel to median plane but
doesn’t divide the body into
equal parts
• Dorsal Plane
– Divides the body symmetrically
dorsally and ventrally
• Transverse Plane
– Transects any body part
perpendicularly to its own long
axis.
• Ex. Cinch on a saddle
• Horizontal Plane
– At right angles to both median
and transverse planes
– Divides body into dorsal and
ventral segments
• Ex. Cow walks into water up to
chest…the water surface is a
horizontal plane in relation to
the cow
Movement Terms
• Adduction
– Movement towards the midline
• Abduction
– Movement away from the midline
• Flexion
– Closure of a joint angle, reduction
of the angle between two bones
• Ex. Contracting bicep
involves flexing your elbow
• Extension
– Straightening of a joint or an
increase in the angle between two
bones
• Ex. You extend your hand to shake
hands
• Hyperflexion/hyperextension
– Occurs when a joint is flexed or
extended too far.
• Supination
– Act of rotating the limb or body
part so that the palmer surface is
turned upward
• Pronation
– Act of rotating the limb so that the
palmer surface is turned
downward
• Equine (horses, ponies,
donkeys, and mules)
– Stallion
• Intact male > 4 yrs old
– Mare
• Intact female > 4 yrs old
– Filly
– Herd
• Group of equine
– Band
• Group of horses consisting of one
mature stallion and female
offspring of his mares
– Brood Mare
• Breeding female
• Intact female <4 yrs old
– Gelding
• Castrated male
– Ridgeling
– Cryptorchid
• Foal
– Young equine (either sex)
• Weanling
– Young equine <1 yr old
• Foaling
– Giving birth
– Maiden mare
• Female equine never bred
– Barren mare (open mare)
• Intact female not bred or didn’t
conceive previous season
– Wet mare
• Intact female that has foaled during
the current season
– Agalactic mare
• Intact female not
producing milk
Classification of Animals
Domestic Animals
• Genus
– (upper case)
• Species
– (lowercase)
Animal
Horse (equine)
Species Name
Equus caballus
More Definitions….
• Anatomy
– Science that deals with
the form and structure
of all organisms
• Physiology
– Study of integrated
functions of the body
and the functions of all
its parts
• Systems, organs, tissues,
cells, cell components
• Gross Anatomy
– Study of organs, parts,
and structures that are
visible with the unaided
eye
• Also called macroscopic
anatomy
• Embryology
– Study of the
developmental anatomy,
covering the period from
conception (fertilization
of the egg) to birth
• Microscopic Anatomy
(histology)
– Study of tissues and cells
that can only be seen
with the aid of a
microscope
• Ultrasound Cytology
– Deals with portions of
cells and tissues as they
are visualized with the
help of an electron
microscope
Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy