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Transcript 
Stratigraphy
• Facies
- definition
- contacts and successions
- Walther’s Law
• Correlation
- basis
- examples
• Name That Formation
Text: Manual p. 29-35
Facies: Definition
• Aspects of a rock that characterize it.
• Mappable, aerially restricted part of a lithostratigraphic
body that differs from it coeval equivalents.
• A distinctive rock type that is characteristic of a
particular environment.
• A body of rock distinguished on the basis of its fossil
content.
Facies: Definition
Environment: physical, chemical, biological conditions
vs
Facies: sediment properties
- Lithofacies
- Biofacies
Facies: Definition
(AGI, 1999)
Facies: Definition
Meandering Stream Facies
(Boggs, p. 280)
Facies: Contacts
(Boggs, p. 464)
Facies: Contacts
intercalated
gradual
gradational
abrupt
Vertical Contacts
Lateral Contacts
intertonguing
pinchout
(Boggs, p. 453)
Transgressive
Shelf
Fining Upward
Regressive
Shelf
Coarsening Upward
Coarsening Upward
Delta
Coarsening Upward
Fining Upward
Meandering
Stream
Fining Upward
Facies:
Successions
(Boggs, p. 260)
Facies: Walther’s Law
Walther’s Law: environmental relationship between
lateral facies and vertically-stacked strata
Facies: Walther’s Law
Transgression: landward movement of shoreline
Regression: seaward movement of shoreline
Facies: Walther’s Law
Facies Regression (Progradation)
Time lines
(E. McBride)
Diachronous Lithostratigraphic Units
Facies:
Walther’s Law
http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratigraphy.php
Facies:
Walther’s Law
Facies:
Walther’s Law
http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratigraphy.php
Stratigraphy
• Facies
- definition
- contacts and successions
- Walther’s Law
• Correlation
- basis
- examples
• Name That Formation
Text: Manual p. 29-35
Correlation
• demonstrate that rocks at distant places are equivalent
- lithology / stratigraphic position
- fossil content
- age*
9 miles
Correlation
Castille Formation, NM
Types of Data:
• Outcrop descriptions
• Cores
• Well Cuttings
• Well Logs
• Geophysical data
(Anderson et al., 1972)
Correlation
Correlation
Correlation ≠ Matching
Correlation
Basis of Correlation:
1. trace lateral continuity
2. lithology*
Correlation
http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratigraphy.php
Correlation
Ir
Ir
(Boggs, p. 476)
Ir
Ir
Correlation
Correlation
Marker Bed – Ash Fall
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture1.html
Correlation
Basis of Correlation:
1. trace lateral continuity
2. lithology*
3. rock properties
4. stratigraphic successions
Correlation
Stratigraphic Successions
(Boggs, p. 479)
Correlation
http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratigraphy.php
Correlation
Basis of Correlation:
1. trace lateral continuity
2. lithology*
3. rock properties
4. stratigraphic successions
5. fossil content
Correlation
•
•
•
•
•
index fossils
principles of stratigraphy
marker horizons
geophysical properties
geochemical properties
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ozsvath/images/stratigraphy.jpg
Correlation
Basis of Correlation:
1. trace lateral continuity
2. lithology*
3. rock properties
4. stratigraphic successions
5. fossil content
6. chemical, magnetic, or geophysical properties
Correlation
(Boggs, p. 483)
Correlation
Fence
Diagrams
(416M)
Correlation
Fence
Diagrams
(Prothero and Schwab, p. 486)
Stratigraphy
• Facies
- definitions
- contacts and successions
- Walther’s Law
• Correlation
- basis
- examples
• Name That Formation
Text: Manual p. 29-35
Correlation: Examples
Correlation: Examples
?
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Correlation: Examples
?
Correlation: Examples
?
Correlation: Examples
Stratigraphy
• Facies
- definitions
- contacts and successions
- Walther’s Law
• Correlation
- basis
- examples
• Name That Formation
Text: Manual p. 29-35
Name That Formation
Lithostratigraphy
Super Group
Group
Formation
Member / Tongue / Lentil
Tongue / Bed / Flow
Formation: mappable rock body with distinct boundaries
K, L, M = members
(Boggs, p. 662)
Name That Formation
Define as:
_________ Group
_________ Formation
_______ Member of _____ Formation
_______ Lentil of ______ Formation
_______ Tongue of ______ Member
Bed of ______ Formation / Member
* Formations can NOT interfinger.
manual, p. 44
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