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Chapter 5: The Human
Population
• A Brief History of Population Growth
• Basic Demographics
• The Distribution of Population and
Population Growth
• Population Control Strategies
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Thomas Malthus (1798)
Figure 5.1: Arithmetic vs. geometric growth.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
A Brief History of Population
Growth
Figure 5.2: World population growth was very slow prior to
the industrial revolution of the 1700s.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
World Demographic
Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
2001 Population:
6,137,000,000
Rate of Natural Increase: 1.3 %
Crude Birth Rate:
22 ‰
Crude Death Rate:
9‰
Total Fertility Rate: 2.8 per woman
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Basic Demographics
•
•
•
•
Birth, Death, and Fertility
Age Structure
Migration
Trends in Population Growth
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Trends in Population Growth
and Fertility
Figure 5.3: Fertility has declined since the mid-1960s, and population
has been growing at a decreasing rate over the same time period.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
U.S. Fertility Rates
4
3.5
3
2.5
TFR
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1950
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1960
1970
1980
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
1990
2000
Population Pyramids
Congo and Italy
Figure 5.5:
Population
pyramids for
Congo (Zaire) and
Italy illustrate
differences in highTFR and low-TFR
populations.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Population Pyramids
Brazil
Figure 5.6: Agestructure
diagrams for
Brazil illustrate
a transition
from high-TFR
to replacementlevel TFR and
beyond.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Demographic Transition
Figure 5.8: The Demographic Transition Model describes growth in population
as a result of lag time between falling death rates and falling birth rates.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Demographic Transition Examples
Figure 5.9: Birth and death rates for countries in Table 5.1,
representing different stages of the demographic transition.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
The Distribution of Population
and Population Growth
• Rich and Poor
Regions
• Increasing
Urbanization
Figure 5.10: World population
distribution.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Population Control Strategies
• Socioeconomic Conditions and
Fertility
• Contraception and Family Planning
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Issue 5.1: AIDS and
Population Growth in Africa
Percentage of African population aged 15 to 49 years
with HIV infection or AIDS, 1999.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Issue 5.2: Megacities: The New
Urban Demographic Transition
Figure 5.11: Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, 2001.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003