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HUMAN BLOOD DR.JAGDISH KAUR P.G.G.C.,SECTOR 11 CHANDIGARH HUMAN BLOOD CONTENT COMPOSITION FUNCTION OF BLOOD & LYMPH FUNCTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN BLOOD CLOTTING BLOOD GROUPS & RH FACTOR HUMAN BLOOD PHYSICAL CHARACTER -; The blood is red vascular connective tissue. Human blood is five times more visccous than distilled water. It is slightly heavier than water (specific gravity = 1.057 in males and 1.053 in females). It is slightly alkaline in nature. The oxygenated blood is BRIGHT RED while de-oxygenated blood is PURPLE RED… STUDY OF BLOOD IS CALLED HAEMOTOLOGY COMPOSITION THE BLOOD IS FORMED OF 2 PARTS……. PLASMA BLOOD CORPUSCLES PLASMA It is a faint-yellow coloured. Non-living fluid which forms about 55%-60% of the blood volume. Decrease in the plasma level of the blood due to decreasd fluid intake or excessive loss of water due to excesive sweating,diarrohea or vomitting is called REHYDRATION.. COMPOSITION-; Chemically, the plasma is a mixture of molecular solution of many organic and inorganic substances. It is composed of – Water 90%-92% Inorganic salts=1-2% (commonly called crystalloid). Plasma protein= 6%-8% (commonly called colloids). Other organic compounds = 1%-2%. BLOOD CORPUSCLES Blood corpuscles are the cells which float freely in the plasma. These form (40%-45% of blood-plasma. The percentage of blood cells is called haematocrit value or packed cell volume. The normal haemocrit in man is 40%-45% while about 36% in woman but it may fall as low as 10% and may rise as high as 80% in diseased condition. It is estimates by an instrument called WINTROB’S TUBE . BLOOD IS WITH THREE TYPES; ERYTHROCYTES LEUCOCYTTES BLOOD-PLATELETS ERYTHROCYTES ERYTHROCYTES (erythros = Red, Kytos = cell) OR R.B.Cs. (RED BLOOD CELLS ) SHAPE-; In all vertebrates except mammals, the erythrocytes are oval, biconvex & nucleated. In mammals except camel &llama (with oval-shaped and nucleated RBCs). The mature erythrocytes are circular, biconcave and non-nucleated. SIZE-; A human RBC is about 7.5um diameter. It is 2um in thickness near the rim and 1um or less at the centre (30um in frog). In vertebrate series, the size range of erythrocytes is from 75um (larges) in Amphiuma (salamander) to 2.5um (smallest) in Tragulus (mouse deer). NUMBER-; Normal RBC count in an adult human male is 5-5.5 million per cubic meter while in 4.5-5.0 million per cubic meter in a normal adult woman. RBC COLOUR-; An RBC appears yellow when seen singly but these appear red when in bulk due to presence of colloidal solution of an iron containing pigment haemoglobin in their cytoplasm. STRUCTURE-; A human RBC is bounded by an elastic & semipermeable plasma-membrane which enables it to squeeze through narrow capillaries. Outer surface of its cell membrane has glycophorin proteins containing the blood group antigens while its inner surface contractile spectrin protein due to which it is biconcave. FUNCTIONS-; Haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen and carries about 97-99% of oxygen from the lungs to the body tissue as OXYHAEMOGLOBIN. Haemoglobin also transport about 23% of carbon dioxde as CARBAMINOHAEMOGLOBIN from the tissue to the lungs. Haemoglobin also act as buffer and helps in maintaining a constant ph. LEUCOCYTES LEUCOCYTES ( Gr. Leuco = White; kytos = Cell) OR WHITE BLOOD CELL SHAPE-; These are rounded or amoebid, nuclested, nonpigmented cells. SIZE -; WBCs are larger than RBCs and their size range is 815um but may be upto 20 um. NUMBER-; WBCs are much less in number than RBCs (1:600). The number of WBCs in a healthy person ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic milimeter of whole blood. A verage WBC count is 7,000 per cubic millimeter. LEUCOCYTES ARE DIVIDED INTO FOLLOWING TYPES-: GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES GRANULOCYTES & AGRANULOCYTES Granulocytes develop from red Agranulocytes develop Bone marrow. Granulocytes consist of Eosinophills, basophills & from myloid tissue. Agranulocytes consist of lymphocytes & monocytes. Neutrophills. Granulocytes contain nuclei Agranulocytes do not have With lobes. Have lobed. Granulocytes make up to 60 to Agranulocytes make up 20 70% of total WBCs count. To 30 % of it. BLOOD PLATELETS These are the smallest sized blood corpuscles and have a diameter of 2- 4 um. These are found only in the mammilian blood These are colourless, oval-shaped and discoid cytoplasmic fragments formed by the giant cells called megakaryotes About 30,000 platelets are forned each day for each miclolitre or blood. These are non-nucleated. Platelets granules are of three type-; A-granules { RELEASE THROMBOPLASTIN}. Dense granules [RELEASE ATP & SEROTONIN). Glycogen granules. FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH &BLOOD LYMPH-; Act as a middle man between blood and body cells. It also transport fat food from the intestine to the venous blood. BLOOD-; It supplies essential nutrients to, cells such as amino acids, fatty acids. FUNCTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN HAEMOGLOBIN & OXYGEN TRANSPORT ;- Most important function of Hb is to bind and transport oxygen from lungs to the body tissues. Normally, about 97% of the oxygen is carried as OXYHAEMOGLOBIN. HAEMOGLOBIN & CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT -; Haemoglobin also transport about 23% of carbon dioxide from the body tissue to the lungs. It is formed by th reversible combination of carbon dioxide woth amino groups of globin part of haemoglobin. ABO-BLOOD GROUPS A German biochemist, Karl Landsteiner (1901) (Nobel Prize in 1930), on the basis of the blood-transfusion results, proposed that blood of different persons has some biochemical differences. Karl Landsteiner is commonly called “Father of Blood groups” a) Agglutinogen or Antigens-; It is aglycoprotein present on the surface of RBCs, also called corpuscle factor. There are two types of antigens – A and B { A person may have neither of them or one of them or both of them}. b)Agglutinin or Antibody-; It is y-globulin protein present in the blood, and is so called plasma factor. There are two types of antibodies – A and B. { A person may have neither of them or one of them or both of them}. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD GROUPS BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN ANTIBODY CAN GIVE BLOOD TO CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM A A B A,AB A,O B B A B,AB B,O AB A,B (BOTH) NONE O NONE A,B (BOTH) AB ALL ALL ALL RHESUS FACTOR Rh-factor is an antigenic protein present on the surface of red blood cells in the human beings. It was discovered by Land steiner and Weiner (1940) on the plasma-membrane of RBCs of rhesus monkey so is called Rh-factor (also called Dantigen). Later, it was also found in about 85% of Americans and 93% of Indian and were called Rh-positive. The person without Rh-factor on the surface of their RBCs I called Rh-negative. The Rhesus (Rh) System Well, it gets more complicated here, because there's another antigen to be considered - the Rh antigen. Some of us have it, some of us don't. If it is present, the blood is RhD positive, if not it's RhD negative. So, for example, some people in group A will have it, and will therefore be classed as A+ (or A positive). While the ones that don't, are A- (or A negative). And so it goes for groups B, AB and O. The Rhesus (Rh) System (Cont.) • Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins with loops exposed at the surface of red blood cells. • They appear to be used for the transport of carbon dioxide and/or ammonia across the plasma membrane. • They are named for the rhesus monkey in which they were first discovered. • RBCs that are "Rh positive" express the antigen designated D. • 85% of the population is RhD positive, the other 15% of the population is running around with RhD negative blood. IMPORTANCE OF RH FACTOR IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION Blood transfusion involves transfer of blood from one person to another. Human blood does not normally contain any antibody for Rh factor. However, if the blood of a Rh+ donor is injected into the blood of a Rh+ recepient in blood transfusion, a rh factor antibody forms and gradually accumulates in the blood of the recepient. But no complication occurs in the recepient after the first transfusion . Why is an Rh incompatibility so dangerous when ABO incompatibility is not during pregnancy? • Most anti-A or anti-B antibodies are of the IgM class (large molecules) and these do not cross the placenta. •In fact, an Rh−/type O mother carrying an Rh+/type A, B, or AB foetus is resistant to sensitisation to the Rh antigen. •Her anti-A and anti-B antibodies destroy any foetal cells that enter her blood before they can elicit antiRh antibodies in her. Rh incompatibility during pregnancy (cont.) •This phenomenon has led to an effective preventive measure to avoid Rh sensitisation. •Shortly after each birth of an Rh+ baby, the mother is given an injection of anti-Rh antibodies (or Rhogam). •These passively acquired antibodies destroy any foetal cells that got into her circulation before they can elicit an active immune response in her.