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Chapter 10
Revolution and Enlightenment
Medieval scientist did not make
observations of the world and nature,
rather they relied on ancient authorities.
People such as Aristotle.
This changed in the 1400 and 1500’s,
European scientists adopted new views
and methods.
Technical problems, like calculating how
much weight a ship could hold, spurred a
movement towards observation and
measurement.
New instruments like the telescope and
microscope made fresh observations and
discoveries possible.
The study of mathematics in the
Renaissance contributed to the important
role mathematics had in the scientific
achievements of the 16th and 17th
centuries.
The scientist of the day believed the
secrets of nature were written in the
language of mathematics.
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newtondeveloped new theories become
foundation of Scientific Revolution.
A Revolution in Astronomy
Ptolemy was antiquity’s greatest
astronomer.
Ptolemaic system: belief that the universe
was geocentric. (Earth is the center)
He believed everything else was Heaven.
Nicholas Copernicus disagreed with
Ptolemy. He believed the universe was
heliocentric. (Sun is the center)
German mathematician Johannes Kepler
also helped destroy the Ptolemaic system.
He confirmed the elliptical orbits of the
planets.
Galileo Galilei also confirmed one of
Ptolemy’s views were wrong. He was the
first to say the planets were made of
material rather than orbs of light.
End of Notes for day
The Catholic Church ordered Galileo to
abandon his views because his views
contradicted that of the Church and the
Bible.
Isaac Newton, a professor at the
University of Cambridge, published his
views in the book Principia (Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy)
He defined the three laws of motion. The
universal law of gravitation was crucial to
his view.
Descartes and Reason
Rene’ Descartes strongly reflects the
Western view of humankind that came
from the Scientific Revolution.
He asserted that he was only sure of one
thing, his own existence.
“I think, therefore I am” He separated
mind and matter. He believed the mental
world and material world were two
different realms.
Descartes has been called the father of
modern rationalism.
This system of thought is based on the
idea that reason is the chief source of
knowledge.
The Seven Years War
The struggle between Britain and France
in the 1700’s became known as the Great
War for Empire.
The greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’
War took place in North America.
The French had colonies in Canada and
Louisiana. They were mainly trading
posts.
The 13 British colonies were well
established and were very prosperous.
The French and British fought battles in
Canada and the Ohio River valley.
The Native Americans sided with the French
because they viewed the French only as
traders. They viewed the British as settlers.
The British scored a series of land victories
and France made peace.
In 1763 the Treaty of Paris transferred
Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi
to Britain. Spain also gave Florida to Britain
and received Louisiana from France. This
made Britain the world’s greatest colonial
power.
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Describe your philosophy on life.
Britain and British North America
The United Kingdom of Great Britain came
into being in 1707, when the governments
of England and Scotland united.
The monarch and Parliament shared
power in the 18th century.
Parliament had the power to make laws,
levy taxes, and pass the budget.
The Hanoverians took power in 1714.
George I was the first Hanoverian king.
The middle class of Britain wanted the
trade empire expanded.
One place for expansion was North
America. Britain controlled Canada and
the 13 colonies on the east coast of the
present United States.
The colonies did not want the British
government to control their affairs.
The American Revolution and The Birth of a
New Nation
After the Seven Years’ War, Britain
needed more revenue from the colonies.
In 1765 Parliament imposed the Stamp
Act.
Printed material (newspapers, legal
documents, etc.) had to have a stamp on
it showing that a tax had been paid to
Britain.
The act was repealed in 1766, after strong
opposition.
End
The American colonies and Great Britain
came to blows at Lexington and Concord in
1775.
The Declaration of Independence declared
the colonies’ intent to become independent.
France, Spain, and the Netherlands helped
the American colonies against the British.
After winning the Battle at Yorktown (1781)
the Americans had finally defeated the British.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) officially
recognized the independence of the American
colonies.
It took a while for the 13 states to agree to
become a unified country.
The Articles of Confederation was too
weak to deal with the new nation’s
problems.
A new proposed Constitution would create
a federal system. Where power is shared
between national and state governments.
Divides government into three branches:
the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative.
The promise of a Bill of Rights aka(also
known as) 10 amendments also helped
get the Constitution adopted.
These 10 amendments guaranteed
freedom of religion, speech, press,
petition, and assembly.
They also gave Americans the right to
bear arms and to be protected from
unreasonable search and seizures.
They also guaranteed a trial by jury, due
process of law, and the protection of
property rights.