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Health Chapters 20 & 21 Notes Tobacco & Alcohol Tobacco Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death and disability in the US Approximately 90% of adult smokers began the habit as teenagers It’s easier to avoid tobacco use rather than quit later Tobacco is an addictive drug (substance that causes physiological or psychological dependence) Tobacco • Nicotine is the addictive drug found in tobacco leaves – Nicotine is a stimulant (increases the action of CNS, heart, and other organs) • Tobacco is a carcinogen (cancer-causing substance) as it contains tar, CO2, and other poisonous compounds Tobacco • Tar is a thick/dark/sticky fluid produced when tobacco burns – Paralyzes and destroys cilia, destroy alveoli, and reduce overall lung function • CO2 is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas – Deprives body tissues/cells of oxygen and increases the risk of high BP, heart disease, and hardening of the arteries Tobacco • Smokeless tobacco can be sniffed through the nose, held in the mouth, or chewed • It is NOT a safe alternative to smoking • Exposure to harmful chemicals is often three times longer with smokeless tobacco • Leukoplakia - thickened/white/leathery spots on the inside of the mouth that can develop into oral cancer Tobacco • Short-term effects include… – Brain chemistry changes, respiration and HR increase, dulling of taste buds (appetite reduction), and bad hygiene (bad breath, yellow teeth, and smelly) • Long-term effects – Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lunc cancer, heart disease and stroke, and a weakened immune system Tobacco • Other consequences of tobacco use… – Costs to society (~$165 billion in US) – Costs to individuals (~$1,500 annually for “pack-a-day” habit) – Legal consequences Alcohol • Ethanol is the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages (is both powerful & addictive) • Fermentation is the process by which alcoholic beverages are created (chemical action of yeast on sugars) • Alcohol is a depressant (drug that slows the central nervous system) Alcohol • Short-term effects of alcohol use – Slows reaction time, impairs vision, and diminishes judgment – Intoxication - state where body is poisoned by a drug and their physical/mental control is significantly reduced • Alcohol stays in a person’s system until the liver can metabolize it or break it down • Alcohol intoxication varies by person Alcohol • Some factors that influence onset and intensity of alcohol’s effects include… – – – – – – Body size Gender Food (have you eaten recently?) Rate of intake Amount consumed Any medicines you might be taking Alcohol • Long-term effects of alcohol use – – – – Damage to brain cells and reduced brain size Increases BP (leading to heart attacks/stroke) Buildup of fat cells in liver (~cell death) Damage to digestive lining of stomach (can lead to ulcers/cancer) – Destruction of pancreas Alcohol • BAC (blood alcohol concentration) is the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood and is expressed as a percentage • BAC depends on the quantity and type of alcohol that was consumed, the rate of consumption, and body size/gender – Any amount of alcohol in the system can cause slow reflexes, reduced ability to judge distances/speeds, increase in risk-taking behaviors, and reduced concentration and increased forgetfulness Alcohol • Binge drinking is consuming five or more alcoholic beverages in one sitting • This can lead to alcohol poisoning (a severe and possibly fatal physical reaction to alcohol overdose) – Alcohol acts as a depressant on body organs