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Poetry usually . . . • is arranged in lines. • uses compressed (shrunken) language to make a point. • has a regular pattern of rhythm. • uses literary devices to appeal to our emotions and imagination. Poetry sometimes . . . has a regular rhyme scheme 1. Stanza – the division of lines in a poem; a poem “paragraph”. Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Stanza one Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Stanza two Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. 2. Meter – the pattern and number of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. That time of year thou mayst in me behold Tell me not in mournful numbers https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=dxSU3HYhBSs Across the years he could recall His father one way best of all. In the stillest hour of night The boy awakened to a light. Half in dreams, he saw his sire With his great hands full of fire. A woman who once heard a mouse ran screaming all throughout her house. She sent in the cat to dispose of the rat to find it was only her spouse. 3. Refrain – the repeating of words and/or phrases throughout a poem. For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride, In the sepulcher there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea. 4. End Rhyme: words at end of lines rhyme Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; 5. Slant Rhyme: A partial or imperfect rhyme, often using assonance or consonance only, as in dry and rise or grown and moon. Also called half rhyme, near rhyme. 6. Rhyme Scheme: the pattern of rhyme (ex: aabb) Life is but life, and death but death! Bliss is but bliss, and breath but breath! And if, indeed, I fail, At least to know the worst is sweet. Defeat means nothing but defeat, No drearier can prevail! 7. Internal Rhyme: rhyme within lines For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride, In the sepulchre there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea. 8. Enjambmentthe running on of the thought from one line, couplet, or stanza to the next without a break in thought. NOT an enjambment: Enjambment: I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree. A glooming peace this morning with it brings. The sun for sorrow will not show his head. Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things. Some shall be pardon’d, and some punished. A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray; A tree that may in summer wear A nest of robins in her hair; 9. Tone - is what the author projects or the author’s attitude. There's a patch of old snow in a corner, That I should have guessed Was a blow-away paper the rain Had brought to rest. It is specked with grime as if Small print overspread it. The news of a day I've forgotten – If I ever read it. 10. Mood-how you feel after reading the poem. (excited, joyous, somber, sad, etc..) For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride, In the sepulchre there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea. https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=1tkzL8_BxOU A “figure of speech” is a word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be understood as literally true. Literally: words function exactly as defined The car is blue. He caught the football. Figuratively: figure out what it means I’ve got your back. You’re a doll. ^Figures of Speech He gives his harneSS bellS a Shake To aSk if there i Some miStake. The only other Sound’S the Sweep Of easy Wind and doWny flake. DO nOt gO gentle intO that gOOd night, Old Age should burn And rAve At close of dAy; RAge, rAge AgAinst the dYIng of the lIght. C. ALLITERATIONREPETITION OF BEGINNING CONSONANT SOUNDS AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD IN POETRY Rain Three grey geese in a Rain races, green field grazing, Ripping like wind. Grey were the geese and Its restless rage green was the grazing. Rattles like Rocks ripping through The air. D. ONOMATOPOEIATHE USE OF A WORD WHOSE SOUND IMITATES ITS MEANING. Hiss Splash Crackle Bark 13. Allusion – -a reference to a well-known person, place, thing or event with which the writer assumes the reader will be familiar -the use of allusions enables writers or poets to simplify complex ideas and emotions -this can be in every day language, or in literature For example: The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes. – This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s origin myth, “Pandora’s box”. “This place is like a Garden of Eden.” – This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis. “Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?” – “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a famous scientist Isaac Newton. the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up in the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic scrabbling behind a wall of rock indicated that there was anyone still alive.” “As “Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities.” 14. Simile – a comparison between two things using “like” or “as”. Note: just using “like” or “as” does not make a simile-a comparison must be made. She swims like a fish. Peter laughs like a hyena. Mr. John is as wise as an owl. Allow me, it's as easy as ABC. Because I was embarrassed my face was as red as a ripe tomato. My love is like a red, red rose. The world is like a stage. “As dry as a bone” “As easy as shooting fish in a barrel” “They fought like cats and dogs” “Stand out like a sore thumb” 15. Metaphor – a comparison between 2 things without using “like” or “as.” These can be implicit or explicit! He was a tornado, blasting his way through the opposing team. He was a lion in the fight. The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas. Education is your passport to satisfying employment. My love is a red, red rose. 16. Personification – a figure of speech in which a non-human thing (an idea, object, or animal) is given human characteristics. The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky. The run down house appeared depressed. The first rays of morning tiptoed through the meadow. She did not realize that opportunity was knocking at her door. He did not realize that his last chance was walking out the door. 17. Oxymoron – a technique putting two words with opposite meanings together for a special effect. jumbo shrimp old news bittersweet small fortune Icy hot http://www.oxymoronlist.com/#b A blind man looks back Into the future with the Ear-splitting whispers of Unconcealed ghosts Thundering silently. A wealthy peasant marches Weakly across a blazing glacier As the stars in the cloudy sky Glisten grimly. 18. Imagery – vivid description that appeals to the senses (smell, touch, taste, sight, sound) They were flat round wafers, slightly browned on the edges and butter-yellow in the center. With cold lemonade they were sufficient for childhood’s lifelong diet. 19. Symbol – a concrete or real object used to represent an idea A bird, because it can fly, has often been used as a symbol of freedom. a dove for peace the rose for purity the stars and stripes for America the lion for strength and courage Red rose or red color stands for love or romance. Black is a symbol that represents evil or death. A ladder may stand as a symbol for a connection between the heaven and the earth. A broken mirror may symbolize separation “In the spring, I asked the daisies If his words were true, And the clever, clear-eyed daisies Always knew. Now the fields are brown and barren, Bitter autumn blows, And of all the stupid asters Not one knows.” 20. Hyperbole – an extreme exaggeration or overstatement that a writer uses for emphasis. He's got tons of money. I will die if he asks me to dance. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse. He is older than the hills. I told you a million times to stop. Her brain is the size of a pea. 21. UnderstatementA statement used by writers to intentionally make it seem less important than it really is, used for emphasis. “Deserts are sometimes hot, dry and sandy” while describing deserts of the world. “He is not too thin” while describing an obese person. “It rained a bit more than usual” while describing an area being flooded after heavy rainfall. “It was O.K.” is an understatement if someone who got the highest score in a test said this when asked about his result. “It is a bit cold today,” when the temperature is 5 degrees below freezing. 22. Irony – a technique that uses a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its normal meaning. (verbal, dramatic, situational) Verbal: Danielle laughs all the time, so we call her “Grumpy.” Dramatic: The audience watching the movie knows that the girl’s boyfriend is going to ask her to marry her, but she doesn’t know. Situational: A fire station is on fire. 23. Idioma traditional way of saying something that does not seem to make sense if taken literally He’s ready to kick the bucket. She’s under the weather. A chip on your shoulder - means you think you know a lot High as a kite - means you are drunk or on drugs Sick as a dog - means you are very ill Rub someone the wrong way meaning to annoy or bother Jump the gun - would mean to be doing something early Pay the piper - means you need to face the consequences of your actions