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Industrial Revolution Causes of Industrialization Causes of Industrialization 2nd Agricultural Revolution Cottage Industry Britain’s unique conditions Causes: nd 2 Agricultural Revolution Seed drill planted seeds efficiently Crop rotation New crops: corn and potato →population growth & fewer farmers needed Causes: Cottage Industry Big profits for new class of merchants Cottage production couldn't keep up with demand for textiles → means & need to invest in innovation Causes: Britain’s Unique Conditions Enclosure Movement Landlords fenced in common pastures → larger plots allowed for larger profits & greater investment in new techniques Peasants lost land → creating labor supply Geography Supply of natural resources (iron & coal) Separation from Europe & wars Less rigid social structure Colonial empire Effects of Industrialization st 1 phase of Industrialization 1750-early 1800s Textile machinery Steam power, steamships, era of canals, railroads Britain dominated Political Impacts Social tensions b/t nobility, new middle class, & urban poor led to conflict →Revolutions are about economics! Chartist Movement, Revolutions of 1848 Absolutism ↓ 2nd Agricultural Revolution ↓ Industrialization ↓ Enlightenment Social Tensions ↘ ↙ Political Revolutions nd 2 Phase of Industrialization late 1800s Steel, heavy industry, & chemical fertilizers Electric & oil power, spread of railroads Often government & banking directed Germany & U.S. dominated; included France, Belgium, Netherlands Other Effects of Industrialization Social Impacts Urbanization & migration Increasingly difficult conditions for laborers Women’s position declines New classes: new elite w/ triumph industrialist & businessmen over nobility Bourgeoisie & middle class Working class / proletariat → Social Tension on Rise Social Impacts - Examples In 1836, a factory owner & member of Parliament, John Fielden, described his own factory & the impact of new regulatory laws: “We have never worked more than 71 hours a week [just under 12 hours a day, 6 days a week] before Sir John Hobhouse's Act was passed [limiting the working hours of children to 64 hours a week]. Since the Factory Act was passed, in 1833, we have reduced the time of adults to 67.5 hours a week, and that of children under thirteen years of age to 48 hours in the week, though to do this latter has, I must admit, subjected us to much inconvenience, but the elder hands to more, inasmuch as the relief given to the child is in some measure imposed on the adult. But the overworking does not apply to children only; the adults are also overworked. The increased speed given to machinery … in very many instances, doubled the labour of both.” London’s population grew from 1 mil in 1800 to 2.5 mil in 1850 Intellectual Impacts Socialism Early socialists react to industrial conditions → post-1850 socialist parties become influential Realism Art & modernism & literature sought to portray social issues Intellectual Impacts - Examples Economic Impacts Labor organization Trade union & labor unions form to improve working conditions Imperialism Speed of industrial production helps justify colonial assets for raw materials & markets Consumerism Speed of production dictates advertising; growing middle class aids consumption 17501850 18501914 Western Europe 1st phase of Industrialization Britain Romanticism Early Socialism 2nd phase of Industrialization Germany Realism Socialist political parties
