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Pathogens! Viruses Core genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a capsid What disease killed 300-500 million people worldwide but has since been eradicated from the human population? Smallpox Progression: Rash Pus-filled blisters Disfiguration and/or blindness Death rate = 30% Man with smallpox; Public Health Images Library. Source: CDC Who invented smallpox variolation? The first vaccine Edward Jenner 1749 - 1823 The World Takes Action 1967: WHO announces global smallpox eradication program. Still 15 million new cases a year then 1977: Last reported naturally occurring case in Somalia. Smallpox in humans is the only disease totally eradicated Polio Poliomyelitis (Polio) Polio = gray; Myelon = marrow of spinal cord; itis = inflammation Highly contagious May result in paralysis Vaccine preventable Polio Eradication Is it possible?? “Hopefully by 2015 no child in the world will be paralyzed by the disease and by 2018 Polio will be wiped out.” – Bill Gates, 09/28/2012 The current eradication program… Cold Versus Flu Influenza Impact Flu seasons vary from year to year About 20% of US population infected every year Higher among susceptible populations Three main types of flu virus: Types A, B & C Type A causes the greatest morbidity and mortality Example: H1N1 (2009 Epidemic) Influenza Pandemics Since the late 19th century, four occurrences of pandemics 1889-1891; 1918-1920; 1957-1958; 1968-1969 2009; H1N1 Was that the pandemic for our time?? Type A cycles every 50-100 years What’s different about Type A influenza? Norovirus Measles / Rubella Chicken Pox / Shingles Hepatitis (virus) HAV U.S. Stats HBV HCV 25,000 new infections/yr 43,000 new infections/yr 17,000 new infections/yr Transmission Ingestion of fecal matter Contact w/ infectious body fluids Contact w/ infected blood Severity Usually no lasting damage, rarely fatal Most fully recover; Some develop liver disease; ~3,000 die / yr 60-70% develop chronic liver disease; 1-5% will die from liver cancer Vaccine? Vaccine available Vaccine available No vaccine Symptoms CDC, 2012 Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice Others in the news… Ebola (virus) Mad cow (prion) Zika (virus) Pathogens! Fungus Athlete’s Foot