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Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. A gene codes for A protein. Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. 1 gene codes for 1 protein. How does DNA determine the sequence of a.a.s? Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. 1 gene codes for 1 protein. How does DNA determine the sequence of a.a.s? A group of three bases coding for an amino acid is called a codon, and the meaning of each of the 64 codons is called the genetic code Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. 1 gene codes for 1 protein. How does DNA determine the sequence of a.a.s? A group of three bases coding for an amino acid is called a codon, and the meaning of each of the 64 codons is called the genetic code Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. 1 gene codes for 1 protein. How does DNA determine the sequence of a.a.s? A group of three bases coding for an amino acid is called a codon, and the meaning of each of the 64 codons is called the genetic code DNA is in the nucleus Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. 1 gene codes for 1 protein. How does DNA determine the sequence of a.a.s? A group of three bases coding for an amino acid is called a codon, and the meaning of each of the 64 codons is called the genetic code DNA is in the nucleus Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur What does DNA do? DNA is made up of genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. 1 gene codes for 1 protein. How does DNA determine the sequence of a.a.s? A group of three bases coding for an amino acid is called a codon, and the meaning of each of the 64 codons is called the genetic code DNA is in the nucleus Proteins are made in the cytoplasm the information contained within DNA must be carried to the cytoplasm. This process is called TRANSCRIPTION. Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur Start of gene Template strand DNA unwinds & unzips at the start of •mRNA a particular bonds chaingene. dropsHoff the DNA DNA re-winds. This continues until the end of the gene. break •Free activated mRNA nucleotides in the nucleus complementary base pair with exposed DNA bases. (A – U, T – A, C – G, G – C) RNA polymerase joins the mRNA nucleotides together, releasing Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur theexits phosphoryl for energy. mRNA nucleusgroups via a nuclear pore. Carrying the information/ message The codon (a triplet) AAU would code for…….. The Genetic Code There are 20 essential amino acids Only 4 bases The genetic code is a TRIPLET CODE 3 bases code for 1 amino acid If each coded 1 a.a only 4 different types. How many if a pair coded for 1 a.a? 16 Still inadequate What about if 3 coded for 1 a.a? 64 Yeah! Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur ATP A bit more about tRNA VAL Amino-acid A C C Amino-acid attachment site Amino acids must This is then called combine withtRNA the tRNA AMINO-ACYL molecule. The tRNA This is catalysed bysaid aminomolecule is then to acylbetRNA synthetase ACTIVATED Anti-codon Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur ILE MET GLN MET GLN VAL GLN Ribosome Apeptide peptide reads bond the is formed formed 2ndcomplementary codon. between Another the 2 Another tRNA molecule with the These steps are repeated until the ribosome reads a STOP A bond is between the 2 The Ribosome ribosome moves along the mRNA to the 3rd tRNA mRNA with enters a complementary the cytoplasm anticodon & joins to (UAC) the reads along until a start codon tRNA amino molecule acids on with top of the the complementary 1st and 2nd anti-codon binds to the 3rd codon. The 2nd tRNA molecule is released. codon. (ELONGATION the TERMINATION) amino acids on top of the 2nd and 3rdbut 2This codons (6 bases) are exposed codon. releases the 1st tRNA molecule base small pairs subunit with of the a ribosome start codon anti-codon tRNA binds molecules. to this 2nd codon. (AUG) is Rosa found Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur tRNA molecules. not the a.a. Base deletion Where 1+ base pairs are deleted Intended txt: A FRIEND WILL COLLECT MY MONEY Actual txt: Normal: A FIEND WILL COLLECT MY MONEY Consider this…. UCA CAU UAC UGU GGU Mutated: UCA CAU UAU GUG GU Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur Haemophilia Sufferers: Phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyses the reaction: • Lack of a → blood clotting Phenylalanine tyrosine (→protein melanin) (brown pigment) • (Mutation in the factor (protein) blood PKU isclotting causedfactor by a gene) gene mutation Rosa Macaya IES La Pobla de Segur