Download Unit 17

SECTION 4
ELECTRIC MOTORS
UNIT 17: TYPES OF ELECTRIC
MOTORS
UNIT OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the reader should be
able to
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Describe the different types of open single-phase motors used to drive fans,
compressors, and pumps.
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Describe the applications of the various types of motors.
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State which motors have high starting torque.
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List the components that cause a motor to have a higher starting torque.
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Describe a multispeed permanent split-capacitor motor and indicate how the
different speeds are obtained.
UNIT OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the reader should be
able to
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Explain the operation of a three-phase motor.
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Describe a motor used for a hermetic compressor.
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Explain the motor terminal connections in various compressors.
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Describe the different types of compressors that use hermetic motors.
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Describe the use of variable-speed motors.
USES OF ELECTRIC
MOTORS
• Used to turn fans, pumps and compressors
• Facilitate the circulation of air, water, refrigerant
and other fluids
• Motors are designed for particular applications
• The correct motor must always be used
• Most motors operate on similar principles
Fans are used to move air
Pumps are used to move liquids
PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
• Stator with motor windings – Stationary portion
of the motor
• Rotor – Rotating portion of the motor
• Bearings – Allow free rotation of the motor shaft
• End bells – Supports the bearings and/or shaft
• Housing – Holds all motor components together
and facilitates motor mounting
Housing and Stator
Electrical Connections
Rotor
End Bell
Mounting Base
Shaft
Parts of an electric motor
ELECTRIC MOTORS AND
MAGNETISM
• Electricity and magnetism are used to create rotation
• Stator has insulated windings called run windings
• Rotor may be constructed of bars
– Squirrel cage rotor
– Positioned between the run windings
• Rotor turns within the magnetic field
Magnet supported from above
N
Since unlike poles repel
each other, the magnet
will rotate
N
S
S
Stationary Magnet
N
S
Stationary Magnet
N
S
Stationary Magnet
N
N
S
S
Stationary Magnet
N
S
Stationary Magnet
N
S
Stationary Magnet
N
S
N
S
Stationary Magnet
When the unlike poles are
lined up with each other,
rotation will stop
DETERMINING MOTOR SPEED
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As the number of poles increases, the motor speed decreases
Motor Speed (rpm) = Frequency x 120 ÷ # of poles
In the United States the frequency is 60 Hz
For example, a 2 pole motor will turn at a speed of 60 x 120 ÷
2 = 7200 ÷ 2 = 3600 rpm
• The motor will turn at a speed that is lower than the calculated
value
• Slip = difference between calculated and actual motor speed
THE START WINDING
• Enables the motor to start and in the right direction
• Start winding has higher resistance than the run
winding
• Wound with more turns than the run winding
• Wound with smaller diameter wire than the run
winding
• Removed from the active circuit once the motor starts
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STARTING AND RUNNING
CHARACTERISTICS
Refrigeration compressors have high starting torque
Starting torque – twisting force that starts the motor
Locked Rotor Amperage (LRA)
Full Load Amperage (FLA)
Rated Load Amperage (RLA)
Motor may start with unequal pressures across it
Small fans do not require much starting torque
ELECTRICAL POWER
SUPPLIES
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Residences are furnished with single-phase power
Houses can be supplied power from the transformer
Power feeds into circuit breaker panel or fuse box
Circuit breakers protect each individual circuit
Power is distributed throughout the house
Typical residential panels provide 115 and 230 volts
Commercial and industrial facilities require three-phase power
Individual 115-volt
circuits with 115-volt,
single-phase circuit
breakers
L1
L2
Main Circuit Breakers
230-volt two-pole
circuit breakers and
230-volt circuits
Neutral and Ground Bus
RESIDENTIAL CIRCUIT BREAKER PANEL
SINGLE-PHASE OPEN
MOTORS
• Residential motors operate at 115, 208 or 230V
• Commercial motors operate at voltages up to 460V
• Some motors are designed to operate at one of two
different voltage (dual voltage motors)
• Dual voltage motors are wired differently for each
voltage
• Some motors have reversible rotations
DUAL VOLTAGE MOTOR (230-VOLTS)
Start Winding
Starting Switch
Run Windings
230-volt power supply
Run windings are wired in series with each other for high- voltage
application
DUAL VOLTAGE MOTOR (115-VOLTS)
Start Winding
Starting Switch
Run Windings
115-volt power supply
Run windings are wired in parallel with each other for low-voltage
applications
SPLIT-PHASE MOTORS
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Two separate motor windings
Good running efficiency
Medium amount of starting torque
Speed typically ranges from 1800 – 3600 rpm
Motor speed is determined by the number of
poles
• Slip is the difference between the calculated
and actual motor speeds
START WINDING
Small Wire
Large Number of Turns
High Resistance
L1
RUN WINDING
Larger Wire
Small Number of Turns
Low Resistance
L2
120 Volts
RUN
Rotor
START
START
RUN
THE CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH
• Commonly used on open motors to deenergize the start winding
• Opens its contacts when the motor
reaches about 75% of its rated speed
• When the contacts open and close, a
spark is created (arcing)
• Not used in a refrigerant atmosphere
START WINDING
THE CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH
Small Wire
Large Number of Turns
High Resistance
L1
RUN WINDING
Larger Wire
Small Number of Turns
Low Resistance
L2
CAPACITOR-START MOTOR
• Split phase motor with start and run windings
• Start capacitor assists the motor starting by
increasing the starting torque
• Start capacitor is wired in series with the motor’s
start winding
• Start capacitor is removed from the circuit when
the start winding is removed
• Start capacitor increases the phase angle
CAPACITOR-START MOTOR
START
START
CAPACITOR
L1
RUN
L2
PHASE ANGLE
• Number of electrical degrees between the current
and the voltage
• In a resistive circuit the current and voltage are in
phase with each other and the phase angle is zero
• The current can lead or lag the voltage
• In inductive circuits, the current lags the voltage
• In capacitive circuits, the current leads the voltage
CAPACITOR-START,
CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR
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Most efficient single-phase motor
Often used with belt-driven fans and blowers
Run capacitor improves running efficiency
Run capacitor is in the circuit whenever the motor is
energized
• Start and run capacitors are wired in parallel
• Motor amperage will rise if run capacitor goes bad
CAPACITOR-START, CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR (CSCR)
RUN CAPACITOR
START
CAPACITOR
L1
L2
PERMANENT SPLIT
CAPACITOR (PSC) MOTOR
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Simplest split-phase motor
Only a run capacitor is used
Low starting torque and good running efficiency
Can be single or multispeed motors
Multispeed motors have leads for each speed
As the resistance decreases, motor speed increases
As the resistance increases, motor speed decreases
PERMANENT SPLIT CAPACITOR MOTOR (PSC)
RUN CAPACITOR
L1
L2
SHADED-POLE MOTOR
• Very low starting torque
• Not as efficient as the PSC motor
• A portion of the run winding is shaded to provide the
imbalance in magnetic field that allows the motor to
start
• Heavy copper wire or bands are used to shade the
run winding
• Manufactured in the fractional horsepower range
THE SHADED POLE MOTOR
BANDS OF HEAVY COPPER
COIL
LAMINATED CORE
ROTOR
THREE-PHASE MOTOR
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Normally used on commercial applications
Must have a three-phase power supply
Powered by three single-phase power supply legs
Has no start winding or capacitors
Very high starting torque
Rotation of motor can be changes by switching any
two power legs
THREE-PHASE 220-VOLT POWER SUPPLY
L1
L2
L3
THESE THREE POWER SUPPLIES ARE
GENERATED 120 DEGREES OUT OF PHASE
WITH EACH OTHER
SINGLE-PHASE HERMETIC
MOTORS
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Hermetically sealed from outside air
Similar to single-phase motors
Use relays to remove start winding from circuit
They do not use centrifugal switches
Often use run capacitors for increased efficiency
Designed to operate in a refrigerant atmosphere
Motor terminals identified as common, start & run
THE POTENTIAL RELAY
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Used on motors requiring high starting torque
Coil with very high resistance
Normally closed contacts
Relay operates on the induced voltage across the
start winding
• The contacts open when the induced voltage rises
• When the motor turns off, the induced voltage drops
and the relay contacts close
THE POTENTIAL
RELAY
2
5
1
Normally close contacts
connected between terminals 1
and 2
Coil connected between
terminals 2 and 5
CAPACITOR-START, CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR (CSCR)
5
2
1
START
CAPACITOR
L1
RUN
CAPACITOR
L2
THE CURRENT RELAY
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Used on fractional horsepower motors
Used with fixed-orifice metering devices
Low resistance coil in series with the run winding
Normally open contacts in series with start winding
Upon startup only the run winding is energized
The motor draws locked rotor amperage
The increased amperage closes the relay contacts
The start winding is energized and the motor starts
The amperage drops and the relay contacts open
START WINDING
THE CURRENT MAGNETIC RELAY (CMR)
Small Wire
Large Number of Turns
High Resistance
L1
RUN WINDING
Larger Wire
Small Number of Turns
Low Resistance
L2
POSITIVE TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT (PTC) START DEVICE
• Thermistors change resistance with changes in temperature
• During startup, the resistance of the PTC is about 4 to 10 ohms
• As the motor operates, current flow generates heat that causes the
resistance to increase
• Resistance can increase to 10,000 to 12,000 ohms
TWO-SPEED COMPRESSOR
MOTORS
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Used to control the capacity of compressors
Speed changes are obtained by wiring changes
The thermostat controls the wiring changes
Considered to be two compressors in one housing
One motor turns at 1800 rpm, the other at 3600
Two-speed compressors have more than three
motor terminals
SPECIAL APPLICATION MOTORS
• Some single-speed motors have more than
three motor terminals
• Some have auxiliary compressor windings to
increase the motor efficiency
• Some motors have winding thermostats wired
through the compressor shell
• Three-phase motors have one thermostat for
each winding
• The winding thermostats are wired in series
THREE-PHASE COMPRESSOR
MOTORS
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Used in large commercial/industrial applications
Normally have three motor terminals
No capacitors are required
Resistance across each winding is the same
Three-phase motors have high starting torque
Some larger three-phase compressor motors
operate as dual voltage device
VARIABLE SPEED MOTORS
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Motor speed decreases during low load conditions
Voltage and frequency determine motor speed
New motors are controlled by electronic circuits
Variable speed direct current (dc) motors
Electronically commutated (ECM) dc motors
Motors can ramp up or down to reduce motor wear
AC current can be converted to DC using rectifiers
DC CONVERTERS
(RECTIFIERS)
• Phase-controlled rectifier
– Converts ac power to dc power
– Uses silicon controlled rectifiers and transistors
– Capacitors smooth out the dc voltage
• Diode bridge rectifier
– Does not regulate the dc voltage
– Diodes are not controllable
– Voltage and frequency are adjusted at the inverter
INVERTERS
• Vary the frequency to obtain the desired speed
• Six-step inverter
– Receives voltage from the converter
– Can control the voltage or the current
• Pulse width modulator (PWM)
– Receives fixed dc voltage from the converter
– Voltage is pulsed to the motor
– Short pulses at low speed, long pulses at high
speed
ELECTRONICALLY
COMMUTATED MOTORS (ECM)
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Used on open drive fans less than 1 hp
Armature is commutated with permanent magnets
Motors are factory calibrated
Two-piece motor: motor section and controls
Motor can be checked with an ohmmeter
Controls can be checked with a test module
Defective controls can be replaced
COOLING ELECTRIC MOTORS
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All motors must be cooled
Hermetic compressor motor are cooled by air and refrigerant
Open motors are cooled by air
Open motors must be located where there is a good supply of
air
• Some very large motors are cooled by water
UNIT SUMMARY - 1
• Motors facilitate the circulation of air, water, refrigerant and other fluids
• Some applications require high starting torque
• Motor components include the housing, rotor, stator, end bells, bearings and
motor mount
• Electricity and magnetism create motor rotation
• Motor speed is determined by the number of poles
• The start winding has higher resistance than the run winding
• Important motor amperage are LRA, FLA and RLA
UNIT SUMMARY - 2
• Residences are supplied with single-phase power
• Some motors are designed to operate at more than one voltage
• Split phase motors have a medium amount of starting torque and good
running efficiency
• The centrifugal switch opens and closes its contacts depending on the
speed of the motor
• The current relay opens and closes its contacts depending on the current
flow through the run winding
UNIT SUMMARY - 3
• The potential relay opens and closes its contacts depending on the induced
voltage across the start winding
• Capacitor start motors use start capacitors to increase the starting torque of
the motor
• The start winding and start capacitor are removed from the circuit after the
motor starts
• Capacitor start, capacitor run motors use both start and run capacitors
• Run capacitors help increase the motor’s running efficiency
UNIT SUMMARY - 4
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The PSC motor uses only a run capacitor
The shaded pole motor has very low starting torque
Three-phase motors are used for commercial and industrial applications
The PTC and NTC are electronic device that change their resistance as the
sensed temperature changes
• Variable speed motors ramp up and down, often using dc converters,
inverters and rectifiers
• ECM motors are commutate with permanent magnets