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■ Essential Question: –What were the significant events in the history of African Americans before the civil rights movement? ■ CPUSH Agenda for Unit 13.1: –Clicker Preview Questions –“African Americans in the USA” activity –Today’s HW: 29.1 –GA HS Grad Test: Tues, March 19 –Unit 13 Test: Thursday, March 28 African Americans in U.S. History ■ To better appreciate the impact of the Civil Rights movement, let’s review the struggles African Americans faced over time –Working with a partner, complete the timeline of events in U.S. history that impacted African Americans –Each era on the timeline has a matching “Injustice” & “Achievement” event –Answers will be revealed in a brief ppt Slavery in American History (1619-1865) Slavery in American History ■ In 1619, the 1st African slaves were introduced in the colonies ■ By 1660, slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the main colonial labor system: –Slaves worked on tobacco & rice plantations in Southern colonies –Slaves worked as domestic servants in Northern colonies Timeline Answers: Colonial Era: D&8 the American Revolution, slaves The Revolutionary (1776-1783) But,Before the Founding FathersWar did not abolish slavery were present in each towards of the 13slavery colonies changed attitudes By 1804, Timeline Answers: 9 outlawed slavery The New Nation: I&3 The Northwest Ordinance (1787), outlawed slavery In 1808, the USA outlawed the African slave trade From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West “King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South Timeline Answers: Early Antebellum: G&5 1790 1830 FromSlavery 1800 to 1860, sectional tension Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, in America, 1860 increasedDouglass, as slavery&expanded into theStowe West Frederick Harriet Beecher attacked slavery The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 During Manifest Destiny, tensions only temporarily settled the issue over slavery increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added Timeline Answers: Late Antebellum B&6 Sectional events led to Civil War: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott case, John Brown’s Raid, Election of Lincoln in 1860 1860 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which made the Civil War about slavery Reconstruction & the Jim Crow Era (1865-1954) The Union victory in the Civil War led to the: 13th Amendment (ended slavery) 14th Amendment (citizenship for freedmen) 15th Amendment (voting rights for freedmen) Freedman’s Bureau & five military zones Timeline Answers: Civil War & Reconstruction: A & 1 The South responded with the KKK & black codes; Reconstruction ended in 1877 Jim Crow laws created segregation Civil rights leaders WEB DuBois & States with Jim Crow Laws Poll taxes, literacy tests, & Booker T Washington fought against grandfather clauses segregation laws; the NAACP was Most formed blacks were sharecroppers to help African Americans Timeline Answers: Gilded Age & Progressives: H Court &7 In 1896, the Supreme declared “separate but equal” in the Plessy v Ferguson case During WWI,War the Great Migration World I & the 1920sled African American workers into the North; Black soldiers fought in segregated units In the 1920s, African Americans experienced the Harlem Renaissance Timeline Answers: WWI & 1920s: In the 1930s, FDR’sC & 2 New Deal discriminated against black workers Worldpressured War II FDR to create A. Philip Randolph the Fair Employment Practices Commission Timeline Answers: 1930s & WWII: F&9 In WWII, the Great Migration helped break sharecropping in the South Timeline Answers: Post War: E&4 In the 1950s, white flight to the suburbs & Jim Crow laws left the U.S. segregated The Modern Civil Rights Movement (1954-1965) By 1950, the United States was a segregated society: Jim Crow laws White flight throughout the to the suburbs left South created African Americans a segregated society in poor inner cities (de jure segregation) (de facto segregation) But after WWII, African Americans gained success in civil rights In 1948, Truman became the 1st president to attack segregation Truman issued an executive order to integrate the military He outlawed discrimination in the hiring of government employees In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the 1st black major league baseball player Jackie Robinson signing his professional contract with Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey in 1945 Robinson Robinson Robinsonmade won wonNational Rookie his MLB League of debut the Year MVP in 1947 inin1947 1949 The modern Civil Rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas The NAACP took the lead Their strategy was to in civil rights; Segregated use lawsuits to challenge schools became their that segregation violated primary target the 14th Amendment Brown v Board of Education in 1954 The Topeka school district denied Linda Brown from attending a white school 4 blocks from her house NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall used the 14th Amendment to attack public school segregation Marshall argued that even “equal” schools, if separate, imply that black children are inferior to whites The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal” Chief Justice Earl Warren stated that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment The decision overturned the Plessy v Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” precedent The Brown decision was divisive: Schools integrated in But Southern state leaders Baltimore, St Louis, & vowed to resist integration Washington DC & the KKK returned to block integration At first, President Eisenhower left enforcement of Brown up to states & did not enforce the decision Resistance to Brown “The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court… We're going to do whatever is necessary in Georgia to keep white children in white schools and colored children in colored schools." In 1957, President Eisenhower was forced to support integration Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called the National Guard to keep black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus Eisenhower sent the Army to force integration for the black students (the “Little Rock Nine”) Conclusions ■The Brown v BOE decision was the first major step towards ending Jim Crow segregation in America –The NAACP provided a model for other civil rights leaders to follow by using the 14th Amendment –Resistance to Brown revealed that civil rights leaders could not rely on the gov’t to protect rights ■New leaders would soon emerge to take charge of the movement