Download state-space analysis of

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Supervised by
Prof. Dr . ADNAN AFFANDI
INTRODUCTION
FILTERING •
Filtering in communication systems ,stands as a basic •
signal process it cover operation such as ,channeling
,demodulating , detecting ,decoding , phase splitting and
others .
But until recently ,analog filters where in use.Sometime •
after the appearance of digital system,the digital filter
appeared.
It is now used in various fields such as biomedical •
engineering , acoustics, sonar, radar and others .
What is a Digital filter
The digital filters are the
main processing tool of
quantization samples .
And linear
transformations on
discreat time function
Continue
NOTE
DIGITAL FILTER IS LARGE AND IMPORTANT
BRANCH OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Analog Signal
In a transmitter the information modulates the carrier
,i .e , is impressed on a high -frequancy sine wave
ADVANTAGE
-Filter duration impulse response are achievable.
-Linear phase filter are realizable.
-Some realization problems such as negative elements values,and practical
problems such as large components at low frequencies do not arise.
-Greater accuracy is achieved.
-Environmental conditions such as temperature , humidity and pressure have little
effect on the filters response.
DIGITAL SIGNAL
Digital filters are still limited by
being an active system it requires power
its performance is limited by quantization of the
input samples and filter cofficients
the use of finite arithmatic in the coputions
Digital Filter Types
CONTINUE
sampling
Part a- still analog
signal
Part b- doing
sampling for the
signal
Part c- filter band
limit then we get
filter response which
is impulse response
after the filter
CONTINUE
Amplitude points at
same points of sampling
here is zero points
Part - d all functions in the
same position of impulse
sampling at zero position
to prevent any interferance
which is happened when
(b.w) decrease .
Correct filter when the
sampling positions are
correct and the sampling at
equal space then we detect
the signal
Microwave Recursive And
Transversal Active Filters Using
Lange Couplers
The main purpose of this chapter is to analyse the methodology of using
lange couplers in recursive and transvesal filters designs,in keeping with the
strict interpretations of low frequancy principles .
The design approach has been outlined for both transversal and recursive
type circuits .
By using lange couplers with various coupling values , and than calculating
the corresponding filters parameters,we have readily compared theoretical
results with computer-simulated ones.
Expermental filter examples, comprising one of each kind , further illustrates
the validity of our approach .
The last step in the design has been to include an active device , to help in
the realization of highly selective response .
Microwave Recursive And
Transversal Active Filters Using
Lange Couplers
Transversal Active Filter
Microwave Recursive And
Transversal Active Filters Using
Lange Couplers
Recursive Filter
STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS OF -D
IIR FILTERS
Abstract
Two computer programs for the design of the filters
are written . The first solves the stability problem by
imposing some constraints on the filters coefficients .
The second has no constraints, and the stability of
the resulting filter is guaranteed by approximating an
implse response that obeys the basic stability theory
in the bounded input bounded output sense .
STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS OF -D
IIR FILTERS
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
This program obtains the frequency response of an IIR filter .
The input:
A,B,C,D matrices
N1,N2: The no. of point on the Z1,Z2 axies.
The output:
T transfer function.
The equation: (processing)
T=C/(Z12-A)*[B]+[D]
Z12=[Z1:Z2]t[I}
STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS OF -D
IIR FILTERS
TIME
RESPONSE
This program obtains the time response of a digital filter .
The input :
A,B,C,D matrices.
Q011,Q012,Q021,Q022 initial conditions.
N1,N2 the no.of points on the n1,n2 axes .
The output:
Q1,Q2 the state space equations.
Y the time response.
The equations:
Q1(n1,n2)=A11Q1(n1-1,n2)+A12Q2(n1-2,n2)+B1X(n1,n2)
Q2(n1,n2)=A21Q1(n1,n2-1)+A22Q2(n1,n2-1)+B2X(n1,n2)
y(n1,n2)=CQ(n1,n2)+DX(n1,n2).
The Global Positioning System (GPS)is a new satellite
navigation system that is currently being devloped by
the United State.
It is scheduled to become fully operational in the
medel of 1990s.
The GPS is ,by far,the most ambitions navigation
project ever undertaken by the United State, or by
any nation for that matter ,and its application go
beyond the usual positioning of aircraft and ships.
The central problem for the GPS receiver is the
precise estimation of position, velocity ,and time based
on noisy on noisy observations of the satellite signals .