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Ch. 7 Skeleton BIO 168 Turk Consists of 80 bones Three major regions ◦ Skull ◦ Vertebral column ◦ Thoracic cage The Axial Skeleton Cranial bones ◦ Frontal bone ◦ Parietal bones (2) Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous sutures ◦ Occipital bone ◦ Temporal bones (2) ◦ Sphenoid bone Greater wings Lesser wings Pterygoid processes ◦ Ethmoid bone The Skull Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Facial Bones Lacrimal bones (2) Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Ethmoid Palatine bones Maxillary bones Inferior nasal conchae Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage ◦ Ethmoid ◦ Vomer ◦ Anterior septal cartilage Nasal Cavity Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Lighten the skull Enhance resonance of voice Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones Paranasal Sinuses Not a bone of the skull Does not articulate directly with another bone Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech Hyoid Bone Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx Intervetebral disks Two concave curvatures Two convex curvatures ◦ Cervical and lumbar ◦ Thoracic and sacral Abnormal spine curvatures ◦ Scoliosis ◦ Kyphosis ◦ Lordosis Vertebral Column Body or centrum Vertebral arch ◦ pedicles and laminae Vertebral foramina Intervertebral foramina Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process Inferior articular process General Structure of Vertebrae Spinous processes – bifid Atlas (C1) ◦ occipital condyles Axis (C2) ◦ Dens Cervical Vertebrae T1 to T12 facets and demifacets Thoracic Vertebrae L1 to L5 Short, thick pedicles and laminae Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum ◦ 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5) Coccyx ◦ Tailbone ◦ 3–5 fused vertebrae Sacrum and Coccyx Thoracic vertebrae Sternum ◦ Xiphoid process Ribs ◦ Pairs 1 through 7 True (vertebrosternal) ribs ◦ Pairs 8 through12 False ribs Pairs 8–10 also ◦ vertebrochondral ribs Pairs 11–12 ◦ vertebral (floating) ribs Thoracic Cage Main parts: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Head Neck Tubercle Shaft Structure of a Typical Rib Pectoral girdle ◦ Clavicles acromial (lateral) end sternal (medial) end ◦ scapulae Appendicular Skeleton Humerus Radius and ulna Hand ◦ 8 carpal bones in the wrist ◦ 5 metacarpal bones in the palm ◦ 14 phalanges in the fingers - pollex The Upper Limb Pelvic Girdle hip bones (coxal bone or os coxae) ◦ ilium, ischium, and pubis Appendicular Skeleton Thigh: femur Leg: tibia and fibula Foot: 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges ◦ Talus ◦ Calcaneus ◦ Hallux The Lower Limb Three arches ◦ Lateral longitudinal ◦ Medial longitudinal ◦ Transverse Arches of the Foot fontanelles ◦ Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid primary curvatures of spine Fetal Skeleton