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LITHOSPHERE ROCK CYCLE PLATE TECTONICS VOLCANOES & EARTHQUAKES THE ROCK CYCLE Forces and Materials ROCK CYCLE Forces & Materials in the Rock Cycle • Forces – – – – WEATHERING and EROSION HEAT and PRESSURE COMPACTION and CEMENTATION MELTING and COOLING • Materials – – – – – IGNEOUS ROCK SEDIMENTARY ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK MAGMA SEDIMENTS IGNEOUS ROCKS • Form in two ways: – Intrusive: magma hardens beneath the Earth’s surface • Example – granite – Extrusive: lava hardens on Earth’s surface • Example – rhyolite • Classified by texture and composition – Texture: coarse-grained, fine-grained, glassy, porphyritic, ultramafic – Composition: granitic, basaltic, andesitic Igneous Rock Examples INTRUSIVE Granite Gabbro EXTRUSIVE Rhyolite Obsidian SEDIMENTARY ROCKS • Form from the process of weathering and deposition along with compaction and cementation – Example: sandstone, coquina, shale, conglomerate • Classified by the way they form – Clastic: made from bits of rocks and minerals • Example: conglomerate, sandstone, shale – Chemical: made when dissolved minerals precipitate from water solutions • Example: coquina, limestone, rock gypsum Sedimentary Rock Examples CLASTIC Conglomerate Shale CHEMICAL coquina Rock gypsum METAMORPHIC ROCKS • Form when high heat, pressure and hydrothermal solutions act on existing rock – Example: marble, gneiss, anthracite • Classified by texture and composition – Foliated: have a banded appearance • Examples: slate, gneiss – Non-foliated: do not have a banded appearance • Examples: marble, quartzite, anthracite Metamorphic Rock Examples FOLIATED NON-FOLIATED Gneiss Marble Slate Quartzite Plate Tectonics Mechanisms and Interactions PLATE TECTONICS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE Causes of Plate Tectonics • Mantle Convection – Transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated matter in the mantle • Rising mantle – divergent boundary • Falling mantle- convergent boundary • Push and Pull – Ridge push – Slab pull Types of Boundaries • CONVERGENT – Where 2 tectonic plates are moving together • Creates a subduction zone – Trenches, island arcs and folded mountains • DIVERGENT – Where 2 tectonic plates are moving apart – Volcanism, earthquakes and high heat flow • TRANSFORM – Where 2 tectonic plates are sliding horizontally past one another – Long faults and shallow earthquakes Convergent = Destroy oceanic-continental continental-continental oceanic-oceanic • Form either a subduction zone or a continental collision • Earthquakes and volcanoes are common • Oceanic-Continental • Cascade Mountain Range • Continental-Continental • Himalayas • Oceanic-Oceanic • Mariana Trench, Japan, Aleutian Islands Divergent = Create • Black Hills, SD • East African Rift Valley • Red Sea • Mid-Atlantic Ridge Transform = Conserve • Two Types • Dextral – right side to observer • San Andreas Fault • Sinistral – left side to observer Ring of Fire Volcanoes http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-naturaldisasters/volcanoes/west-mata-submarine-volcano-vin/ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-naturaldisasters/volcanoes/volcano-eruptions/ Earthquakes http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment -natural-disasters/earthquakes/earthquake-montage/ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment -natural-disasters/earthquakes/earthquake-101/ http://quakes.globalincidentmap.com/ http://earthquaketrack.com/p/united-states/north-carolina/recent
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