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CJ
Chapter 16
Homeland
Security
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcomes
LO1: Identify three important trends in international
terrorism.
LO2: Explain why the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) is an
important legal tool against terrorists.
LO3: Describe the primary goals of an intelligence
agency and indicate how it differs from an agency
that focuses solely on law enforcement.
LO4: Explain how American law enforcement agencies
have used “preventive policing” to combat
terrorism.
LO5: Explain how the Patriot Act has made it easier for
federal agents to conduct searches during
terrorism investigations.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
LO 1
Identify three important
trends in international
terrorism.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
Defining Terrorism:
• “the unlawful use of force against
persons or property to intimidate or
coerce a government, the civilian
population, or any segment thereof,
in furtherance of political or social
objectives.”
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
The “Supercrime” of Terrorism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The violence factor
The intention
The victims
The wrongdoers
A “just cause”
Organization
Theater
The absence of guilt
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
Global Jihad
• The struggle against evil in oneself
• The struggle against evil outside of
oneself
• The struggle against non-believers
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
Trends in International Terrorism:
1. Terrorists have developed more
efficient methods of financing their
operations.
2. Terrorists have developed more
efficient organizations.
3. Terrorists have exploited new
communication technology to mount
global campaigns.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
Domestic Terrorism:
• The radicalization of religion
• The radicalization of politics
• Ecoterrorism
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
Types of WMD’s:
• Biological weapons
• Chemical weapons
• Nuclear weapons
• Radiological weapons
© 2011 Cengage Learning
LO 2
Explain why the Antiterrorism
and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 (AEDPA) is an
important legal tool against
terrorists.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (AEDPA):
• Passed in 1995 in response to the
OKC bombings
• Prohibits persons from providing
material support to foreign terrorist
organizations (FTOs)
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)
• Foreign
• Engage in terrorist activity
• Threaten U.S. security
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
The Patriot Act:
• Relaxes restrictions on information sharing
between law enforcement agencies
• Creates the crime of harboring a terrorist
• Gives greater freedom to seize email records
• Increases number of border patrol agents,
customers inspectors, and immigration
enforcement officials.
• Allows for detention of non-U.S. citizens
suspected of terrorist activity.
• Eliminates statutes of limitations for most
serious terrorism-related crimes.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
The Department of Homeland Security:
• Created in 2002
• Replaced FEMA as the lead agency for
disaster management
• The Secretary of Homeland Security has
a cabinet-level position and reports
directly to the President of the United
States
• Seven federal agencies are housed in the
DHS
© 2011 Cengage Learning
LO 3
Describe the primary goals
of an intelligence agency and
indicate how it differs from an
agency that focuses solely on
law enforcement.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
Intelligence agency:
• Works to prevent crimes or other
undesirable acts by gathering information
on potential wrongdoers.
–
–
–
–
Electronic surveillance
Human-source collection
Open-source collection
Counterintelligence
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
Intelligence agencies
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
– Gathers and analyzes information on foreign
governments, corporations, and individuals
• National Security Agency (NSA)
– Focuses on communications
© 2011 Cengage Learning
LO 4
Explain how American law
enforcement agencies have
used “preventive policing” to
combat terrorism.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
Preventive Policing:
• Preventing crimes before they occur,
rather than focusing on solving them
afterwards
• Informants and Intelligence
• Emergency Preparedness and
Response
© 2011 Cengage Learning
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
Duties of First Responders
• Securing the scene of the incident by
maintaining the order
• Rescuing and treating any injured
civilians
• Containing and suppressing fires or
other hazardous conditions that have
resulted from the incident
• Retrieving those who have been killed
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
Immigration Law Basics
• Alien
• Visa requirements
• Immigration law is a form of civil law,
not criminal law.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
The Role of Immigration law
• Broad powers to remove suspicious foreigners
from the U.S. without proving terrorist
connections
• Deals with unregulated border entry
– Each year an estimated 3 million people enter the
United States illegally
– The U.S. has 3,957 miles of border with Canada and
1,954 miles of border with Mexico.
– In 2009, 20,000 National Guard members were
monitoring the Mexican border to assist the U.S. Border
Patrol.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
CAREERPREP
Customs and Border
Protection Agent
Job Description:
• Ensure that laws are observed when goods and people enter the
United States. Work at ports of entry and along the U.S. borders
with Canada and Mexico to prevent smuggling and the entrance
of illegal aliens.
• Conduct surveillance along the border using electronic sensors,
infrared scopes, low-light television systems, and aircraft.
What Kind of Training Is Required?
• Be fluent in Spanish or be able to learn the Spanish language.
• Pass a thorough background investigation, medical examination,
fitness test, and drug test.
Annual Salary Range?
$36,600–$46,500
For additional information, visit: www.cbp.gov.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Mastering
Concepts
The Bill of Rights in
the Age of Terrorism
© 2011 Cengage Learning
LO 5
Explain how the Patriot Act
has made it easier for federal
agents to conduct searches
during terrorism
investigations.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Leaning Outcome 5
The Patriot Act and searches
– Easier for law enforcement agencies to
conduct searches
– Agencies can obtain warrants without
proof of criminal activity
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Leaning Outcome 5
The Patriot Act and surveillance
– Allows searches and surveillance if a
“significant purpose” if the investigation is
intelligence gathering or any other type of
antiterrorist activity.
– Expansion of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act of 1978
© 2011 Cengage Learning
CAREERPREP
Transportation Security Officer
Job Description:
• Protect the public by preventing any deadly or dangerous objects
from being carried onto an aircraft, boat, train, or other public
transit vehicle.
• Implement security-screening procedures of passengers,
baggage, and cargo.
What Kind of Training Is Required?
• Must be able to repeatedly lift and carry up to seventy pounds and
maintain focus and awareness within a stressful work
environment.
• Must meet job-related medical standards and pass a background
investigation.
Annual Salary Range?
$28,600–$67,000
For additional information, visit: www.tsa.gov/join/index.shtm.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Leaning Outcome 5
The NSA and warrantless wiretaps
– Conducted warrantless surveillance of
communications between suspected terrorists
and Al Qaeda contacts.
– NSA allowed to wiretap any person “reasonably
believed” to be outside the U.S. for seven days
in order to protect national security.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Leaning Outcome 5
The Bush Administration’s Strategy
• Fifth Amendment – no person shall be deprived
of life, liberty, or property without due process
• After 9/11, U.S. Attorney General allowed
officials to detain aliens of “special interest”
without charging them with a crime.
• Also allowed indefinite detention of such non-US
citizens in the event of “emergency or other
extraordinary circumstances.”
• Created military tribunals to establish guilt of
those detained at Gunatanamo Bay (GTMO)
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Leaning Outcome 5
The Obama Administration’s Strategy
• Announced plans to close GTMO and
discontinue military tribunals
• Plans to provide access to American
courts for detainees not subject to
prolonged detention
© 2011 Cengage Learning