Download Contraception

Contraception
“No amount of birth control can
prevent emotional betrayal and pain”
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Failure to make good decisions about sex
is one of the reasons teens can become
infected with HIV, STDs and/or experience
an unplanned pregnancy. One decision
teens can make about sex is to not have
it—to abstain until they are older.
ABSTINENCE
What does is mean to you??
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Abstinence is a deliberate decision to
avoid something. People choose to abstain
from many different things, such as
sweets, meat, candy, tobacco products,
voting, alcohol and/or other drugs, and/or
sexual activities.
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People choose to abstain for many
different reasons, such as health (avoiding
sweets or fat), personal religious beliefs
(avoiding meat, alcohol), commitment to a
cause or person (abstaining from voting
and/or participating in some behaviors),
fear (of punishment, of negative
consequences), and disinterest.
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People define sexual abstinence in many
different ways. For one person, it may mean no
physical contact with potential partners—no
kissing, no holding hands. For another, it may
mean abstaining from one particular behavior,
such as avoiding vaginal intercourse. For the
purpose of this exercise, abstinence should
mean having no sexual intercourse: vaginal,
oral, and/or anal.
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Take a few
minutes to discuss
some reasons why
teens may choose
not to be sexually
active.
……………………….
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Religious beliefs, personal beliefs, not
ready for sex, want to wait until married,
want to wait until out of high school, risk
of pregnancy, risk of STIs, don't want to
jeopardize goals, relationship with
parents, not in love, peer pressure, not
interested .
What
can you do to
help your friends if
they choose to be
abstinent?
REMEMBER….
 Abstinence
is the only 100%
effective method against
preventing HIV, STDs and
unplanned pregnancies
CONTRACEPTION
Among sexually active
teenagers, fewer than
half report that they
always use
Contraception
 Teenagers also contract
S T D’s at an alarming rate,
exceeding the rate of any
other age group
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No one should ever assume that a partner
will take care of protecting against
pregnancy or STDs
Close to one million teens become
pregnant each year and three times that
many contract an STD each year
Condoms, therefore, are a must for STD
protection!!!
Communication…
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A couple should
discuss the topic of
contraception openly.
It shows respect and
commitment and can
bring the couple
closer.
If you cannot discuss
contraception – why are
you having sex?
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Before choosing a method of
contraception, a young person is wise to
seek advice from a parent, teacher and/or
a physician.
A physician can check for health problems,
provide information and write a
prescription is needed
Birth Control Pills
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Combined birth control pills contain two
hormones, an estrogen and a progestin. They
work by stopping ovulation (release of an egg)
and by inhibiting the movement of sperm.
Among typical couples who initiate use of
combined pills about eight percent of women will
experience an accidental pregnancy in the first
year. But if pills are used consistently and
correctly, just three in 1,000 women will become
pregnant. For increased protection against
sexually transmitted diseases, use condoms as
well. Pills alone do not protect against STIs
and HIV.
Advantages of Oral Contraceptives
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When properly prescribed for the individual, pills are safer than
pregnancy and delivery.
Pills decrease a woman's risk for cancer of the ovaries and cancer of
the lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer). Pills also lower a
woman's chances of having benign breast masses.
Pills significantly decrease a woman's menstrual cramps and pain.
Pills reduce menstrual blood loss and anemia.
Pills reduced PMS symptoms.
Pills can reduce prevalence of acne by up to two-thirds.
Many women enjoy sex more when on pills because they know they
won't get pregnant.
Some clinicians will provide pills without a pelvic exam.
Pills suppress endometriosis.
… and the Disadvantages
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Pills do not protect from HIV/AIDS or other STIs. Use a condom for added protection.
A woman must remember to take the pill at the same time, every day.
Nausea and/or spotting are the two problems women may have the first month on
pills.
Missed periods or very light periods. Pills tend to make periods very short and light.
A woman may see no blood at all. Most women like this when they understand it is to
be expected.
Some women experience headaches, depression or decreased enjoyment of sex.
Serious complications such as blood clots are rare, but do occur.
Pills can be quite expensive and usually require a prescription.
Use of pills is associated with a statistically higher risk of developing cervical
dysplasia. Pills users with dysplasia who also have HPV (human papillomavirus) have
a three- to four-fold higher risk of developing cervical cancer.
Pill users who smoke or have hypertension are at significantly higher risk of suffering
a stroke, compared to other pill users. Pill users who smoke are also at significantly
higher risk of a heart attack, compared to pill users who do not smoke and to other
women.
What are Progestin-only pills?
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Progestin-only pills contain just one hormone, a
progestin. They work by making cervical mucus thicker
so sperm cannot get to the egg, and by making the
lining of the uterus thinner. Sometimes they stop
ovulation (release of an egg). Among typical couples
who initiate the use of progestin-only pills about eight
percent of women will experience accidental pregnancy
in the first year. But if these pills are used consistently
and correctly, just three in 1000 women will become
pregnant. For protection from HIV and increased
protection from pregnancy, use condoms as well. Pills
alone do not protect from STIs and HIV.
Cervical Cap/Diaphragm
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The cervical cap is a small cap made of soft
latex. A doctor or nurse practitioner "fits" a
woman for a cervical cap. The woman puts
spermicide (which destroys the sperm) in the
cap and then places the cap up into her vagina
and onto her cervix (the opening of the
womb). Suction keeps the cap in place so
sperm cannot enter the uterus (the womb).
Women should obtain a new cap yearly.
Among typical couples who initiate use of the
cap before having a child, about 16 percent of
women will experience an accidental pregnancy
in the first year. If the cervical cap is used
consistently and correctly, about nine percent
of women will become pregnant. Failure rates
are significantly higher if the cervical cap is
used after a woman has had a child. Use a
condom for additional protection against HIV
and other STIs.
Advantages of Cervical Cap
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The cervical cap is small and easy to carry. May
be put in up to one hour before sex.
It will work continuously for 48 hours.
It does not matter how many times a couple has
sex as long as you leave it in at least six to eight
hours after the last time you have sex.
Your partner doesn't have to know you are using
it.
Disadvantages of Cervical Cap
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Is not the best protection against HIV and other STIs.
The cervical cap must be fitted by a clinician.
You must wash your hands with soap and water before putting in the cap.
It may interrupt sex.
A woman has to take it with her on vacations or trips.
It increases a woman's risk for inflammation of the surface of the cervix.
It is difficult for some women to insert a cervical cap properly even after being taught.
If left in too long, increases slightly a woman's risk for a very serious infection called toxic shock
syndrome. Don't leave your cervical cap in for more than 48 hours.
It may accidentally be placed onto the cervix improperly or may slip out of place during sex.
After putting it in, a woman must check to be sure it is covering the opening of the uterus, called
the cervix.
New fitting may be necessary after a baby, abortion, miscarriage, or gaining 15 pounds.
Latex may cause irritation or a woman may be allergic to it.
A woman should have a new cap each year.
You need fresh spermicidal cream or jelly each time you use your cap.
It is not recommended that you use a cervical cap during menstruation.*
Condoms
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Effective condoms are made of latex or polyurethane. Unrolled,
condoms look like long, thin balloons. They prevent body fluids from
mixing when two people have sex. The condom is put onto the
penis (never use a condom more than once).
Among typical couples who initiate use of latex male condoms,
about 15 percent of women will experience an accidental pregnancy
in the first year. If condoms are used consistently and correctly,
about two percent of women will experience pregnancy. Condoms
are most effective when they are used in combination with another
method of contraception, such as the pill or foam. Complete
information about condoms is available through your local family
planning clinic, store, or school.
Condoms Work
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Latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly during
vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse, are highly effective in preventing
the sexual transmission of HIV. They are also effective in preventing
most sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Gonorrhea, chlamydia,
and trichomoniasis are transmitted when infected semen or vaginal
or other body fluids contact mucosal surfaces. Condoms provide a
great level of protection against these STIs because they protect
both partners against exposure to the other's body fluids. Condoms
also provide some protection against STIs—such as genital herpes,
syphilis, chancroid, and human papillomavirus (HPV)—which are
transmitted primarily through contact with infected skin or with
mucosal surfaces. Because these STIs may be transmitted by
contact with surfaces not covered or protected by the condom,
condoms provide a lesser degree of protection against them.
Advantages of Condoms
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Condoms are safe and effective at
preventing both pregnancy and some
infections when used at each act of sex.
Using condoms is the best method of
preventing infection if two people are
going to have sex.
No prescription is needed to get condoms.
Disadvantages of Condoms
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Condoms do not provide complete protection against genital herpes,
syphilis, chancroid, or HPV because the STIs can be transmitted
across infected skin surfaces not covered by the condom.
When putting the condom on the penis you must avoid tearing the
condom or putting a hole in it with fingernails, a ring, or anything
sharp.
YOU CAN'T USE OIL BASED LUBRICANTS, such as Vaseline or sun
tan oil. These products can cause a hole in a condom.
The man must pull out soon after ejaculation or the condom could
fall off and spill or be left in the vagina.
Some people are sensitive or allergic to latex.
Never use a condom more than once.
Contraceptive Film
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The film is a little two inch by two inch thin sheet
with a chemical that kills sperm (a chemical called
nonoxynol-9). It is placed on or near the cervix (the
opening of the womb). It dissolves in seconds.
Among typical couples who initiate use of vaginal
spermicide, 29 percent of women will experience an
accidental pregnancy in the first year. If vaginal
spermicide is used consistently and correctly, about
18 percent of women will become pregnant. This
method is most effective when used in combination
with condoms. Complete information about film is
available through your clinic, your clinician, or the
package insert accompanying vaginal contraceptive
film.
Contraceptive Foam
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Foam is placed into the woman's vagina using an
applicator and has two effects. It kills or destroys sperm
and blocks the man's fluids from entering the cervical
canal. Foam stops sperm from getting to the egg.
Among typical couples who initiate use of vaginal
spermicide, 29 percent will experience an accidental
pregnancy in the first year. If vaginal spermicide is used
consistently and correctly, about 18 percent will become
pregnant. Foam is most is effective when used in
combination with condoms. Complete information about
this contraceptive is available through a family planning
association or clinic, a clinician or the package insert
accompanying the foam.
Contraceptive Implants (norplant)
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The contraceptive implant (Implanon) is a single implant
inserted into the upper arm. After a woman is given a
local anesthetic, insertion takes only a few minutes.
Usually it does not hurt. Implants give off very small
amounts of a hormone much like the progesterone a
woman's body produces during the last two weeks of
each monthly cycle. Among typical couples who initiate
use of implants, five women in 1,000 will experience an
accidental pregnancy in the first year. Complete
information about this contraceptive is available through
a clinician or the package insert accompanying the
implant.
Advantages of implants
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Implanon is effective for three years. In a recent
study, no pregnancies occurred among the first
70,000 cycles of Implanon users. That's great
protection!
There is nothing to do on a daily basis or at the
time of intercourse.
Women lose less blood during menstruation.
They also have less cramping, headaches, and
breast tenderness.
Depression and premenstrual symptoms may
improve.
Disadvantages of Implants
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Implants do not protect from HIV/AIDS or other STIs. Use a
condom, if you or your partner may be at risk.
Implants are quite likely to cause irregular periods in some women.
If bothersome to you, contact your clinician. There are drugs that a
woman may take to have a more acceptable pattern of bleeding. As
time goes on a woman's periods may become more regular.
You may gain weight, lose hair, develop headaches or note
darkening of the skin over your implants. Implants may cause some
arm discomfort.
Depression and premenstrual symptoms may become worse.
A woman may have trouble finding a clinician who will remove her
implants.
Contraceptive Suppositories
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Contraceptive suppositories are barrier methods of birth
control that are inserted deep into the vagina before
sexual intercourse. The suppository melts, releasing
spermicide. The spermicide prevents sperm from moving
toward the egg and also protects the cervix. Of 100
women who use contraceptive suppositories less than
perfectly, 29 will accidentally get pregnant during the
first year. With perfect use, 15 women will get pregnant.
Suppositories provide no protection against sexually
transmitted infections. In fact, you should not use this
method over and over in a single day because frequent
daily use of any barrier method that contains the
spermicide nonoxynol-9 can increase your risk of HIV
and other STIs. For protection against STIs, use
condoms.
Emergency Contraception
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If you are sexually active, it's always important
to use protection, something to help you prevent
a pregnancy you don't want and sexually
transmitted infections that you also don't want.
However, sometimes a condom breaks.
Sometimes people make mistakes and have
unprotected sex. Sometimes a teen is forced to
have sex. In these instances you need to know
about emergency contraception (EC), a method
of preventing pregnancy after unprotected sex
or when regular contraception fails
Female Condom
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FC female condoms (previously known as Reality
Condoms) are made of a thin plastic called polyurethane.
This is NOT latex. The condom is placed into the
woman's vagina. It is open at one end and closed at the
other. Both ends have a flexible ring used to keep the
condom in the vagina. Among typical women use of FC
condoms, about 21 percent will experience an accidental
pregnancy in the first year. If these condoms are used
consistently and correctly, about 5 percent of women will
experience pregnancy. Complete information about this
contraceptive is available through a clinician or through
the package insert.
Fertility Awareness/Rhythm method
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Fertility awareness is a means of understanding a woman's
reproductive cycle by observing and writing down fertility signs.
These signs determine whether or not she can become pregnant on
a given day. A woman is actually fertile during only about a fourth
of her cycle. This method is a great way for a woman to learn more
about her body, but it is not recommended for teens.
What are the three primary fertility signs? They are a woman's
temperature when she first wakes up; her cervical fluid (the fluid at
the mouth of a woman's womb); and the position of her cervix. The
fertility awareness method permits a woman to use this information
so that she may abstain from intercourse when she is most fertile.
The failure rate among women who use this method perfectly is two
to three percent; while the failure rate among most women who use
this method is 13 to 20 percent.
Inject able Contraception
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The type of shot most used is called Depo-Provera. It is
a shot given every three months. It is a hormone, much
like the progesterone a woman produces during the last
two weeks of each monthly cycle. Injectables stop the
woman's ovaries from releasing an egg and have other
contraceptive effects. Among typical couples who initiate
use of injectables, about three percent of women will
experience an accidental pregnancy in the first year. For
the most effective protection against sexually
transmitted infections, use condoms as well. Complete
information about this contraceptive is available through
a family planning clinic, local health department, or
clinician.
Intrauterine Contraception
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An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small device
which is placed into the uterine cavity.
IUDs are safe, relatively inexpensive, and
provide extremely effective long-term
contraception. Complete information about this
contraceptive is available through your clinician
or the package insert accompanying the IUD.
Recent analysis shows that use of IUDs carries
no increased risk of reproductive tract infections.
The Ring
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The ring (NuvaRing) is a small, flexible device that a
woman inserts into her vagina once a month. She leaves
it in place for three weeks and takes it out for the
remaining week of her menstrual cycle. The ring
releases combined hormones (estrogen and progestin)
to protect against pregnancy. Although no studies have
yet been published, experts believe that the ring will be
as effective as the combined pill: out of 100 typical
couples who rely on the ring for contraception, eight
percent of women may accidentally get pregnant.
Among women who use the ring perfectly, fewer than
one percent should get pregnancy.
The Patch
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The contraceptive patch is a lightweight, thin, flexible,
beige-colored patch. It has three layers: the outer,
protective, polyester layer; the medicated, adhesive
layer; and a protective liner which is removed prior to
applying the patch. The patch can be applied to the skin
of the buttock, abdomen, upper torso (but not the
breasts), or the outside of the upper arm. Each patch
lasts seven days. Women replace the patch each week
for three weeks, then have a seven-day patch-free
week, during which time they begin their menstrual
bleeding. During a year of typical use, eight women will
experience pregnancy; with perfect use, only three in
1,000 women will experience pregnancy. For protection
against sexually transmitted diseases, use condoms as
well.
Withdrawal Method
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When the man senses that he is about to
ejaculate, he pulls his penis out of the
vagina. He ejaculates outside of the
vagina.
This is not a very effective method of birth
control.
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Remember – many of the previously
mentioned Contraceptive methods DO
NOT prevent against STDs AND HIV/AIDS.
Always use condoms.
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Now that you are educated on Abstinence
and have the facts on Contraception the
decision regarding sexual activity is up to
you to make.
Remember if you fail to plan, you are
planning to fail.
-Every decision has a consequence. Sexual
activity has physical effects that we
discussed – but what emotional effects
does it have?