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AP EURO HISTORY
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THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
The Congress of Vienna started in Sept. 1814 and ended in Nov. 1815,
with a brief recess for the 100 Days. Representatives of the major
powers, including France, met to redraw territorial lines and to restore the
social and political order of the ancient regime
Notes
I PRINCIPLES OF SETTLEMENT: Legitimacy, Compensation, and
Balance of Power.
1. “Legitimacy”: Returning to power the ruling families deposed
during 20 years of war.
2. “Compensation”: Rewarding those states which made considerable
sacrifices to defeat Napoleon with territory.
3. Balance of Power: Redrawing the map of Europe so no one nation
could upset the international order and cause a general war.
II
1.
2.
3.
COMMON GOALS of the Quadruple Alliance:
Restore the balance of power in Europe.
Restore the legitimate monarchies and status quo.
Create buffer states between France and Eastern Europe.
Additionally each nation had its own objectives
Country
AUSTRIA
Diplomat: Metternich
GREAT BRITAIN
Diplomat: Castlereagh
RUSSIA
Diplomat: Alexander I
National Goals
1. Prevent Prussia from expanding into Germany. Limit Prussian
influence in Germany while expanding Austrian interests.
2. Prevent Russia from expanding into the Balkans and Ottoman
Empire.
3. Create the German Confederation and limit Prussian influence.
4. Austria got Venetia & Lombardy the two richest parts of northern
Italy. Lost the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium). Parma, Modena, &
Tuscany got Hapsburg monarchs.
1. Prevent the other powers from overseas expansion.
2. Protect new trade markets in South America by preventing Spain
from restoring control.
3. Limit Russian and Prussian expansion.
4. England kept the colonial acquisitions taken during the war – Cape
Colony, Malta, & Ceylon.
1. Kept territories gained during the war - Finland and Bessarabia.
2. Created a Polish state controlled by Russia.
3. “Protect fellow Slavs” by expanding into the Balkans and Ottoman
Empire.
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FRANCE
Diplomat: Talleyrand
PRUSSIA
Diplomat: Frederick
William III
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1. Prevent Prussia, Russia, & Austria from expanding at France’s
expense.
2. Maintain France’s great power status.
3. Retain France’s borders from before the revolution
4. Bourbon monarch restored.
5. Had to pay 700 million francs in “reparations.”
6. The Great Powers occupied France for 3 years.
1. Prevent Austria from expanding into Germany. Limit Austrian
influence in Germany while expanding Prussian interests.
2. Prevent Russia from expanding further east into Poland.
3. Join the German Confederation and limit Austrian influence.
4. Prussia got Saxony and Rhineland provinces bordering France.
Notes
III OTHER TERRITORIAL AGREEMENTS:
1. Goal: Create buffer states between the great powers, especially
France, to prevent a general war.
2. The German Confederation: Created from Napoleon’s
Confederation of the Rhine to replace the Holy Roman Empire. The
original 300 states were reduced to 39. The confederation was a
loose confederation with each state retaining its sovereignty. It was
bound together by the Frankfurt Diet (assembly), with Austria
designated as president, and a mutual assistance agreement. Prussia
was a member.
3. The Kingdom of the United Netherlands: Combined Holland with
the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) to create a buffer state along the
northern border of France.
4. The Kingdom of Poland: Originally created by Napoleon, it’s
borders were revised with Alexander I of Russia appointed king.
5. Switzerland was recognized as a perpetually neutral nation.
IV NEW ALLIANCES
1. THE HOLY ALLIANCE:
Austria, Prussia, & Russia
Purpose: CRUSH liberalism, and
nationalism. They would maintain
the old order even if it meant direct
intervention into another’s affairs.
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Notes
2. THE SECRET ALLIANCE:
Austria, France, and England
Purpose: Limit the expansion of
Prussia and Russia as much as
possible.
V EVALUATION OF THE
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1. Successfully restored the balance of power in Europe.
a. The balance of power was not compromised until Germany’s
unification in 1871.
b. No world wars occurred between 1815 and 1914.
c. It was more successful in stabilizing the international system than
treaties in the 20th century.
2. Criticized by liberals and nationalists for creating an atmosphere that
repressed reforms and nationalist movements. It underestimated the
power of the new nationalism created by the French Revolution.
VI THE CONCERT OF EUROPE 1815-1853
1. The Congress System: The Quadruple Alliance would work
together (in concert) against any threat to the peace or balance of
power. International relations were controlled by periodic meetings,
which discussed matters of concern and formed a consensus for
action. It would enforce the status quo as defined by the Vienna
settlement. They saw a resurgent France at the greatest threat to
peace. The congress system exemplifies the principle of collective
security. It required unanimity among members of the Quadruple
Alliance to take action. The “Concert of Europe” would maintain the
peace until 1854.
2. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (November 15, 1818)
a. France joined the Congress
b. The Quintuple Alliance was created. Admission of France to the
alliance recognized that France was no longer a threat and again
part of the power structure
3. Congress of Troppau (November, 1820)
a. Important issues bringing the call for a congress: liberal
revolutions in Spain and Italy, the assassination of the Duc de
Berry, the Cato Street Conspiracy in Britain, and the rise of
nationalistic groups in German and Italian universities
b. Austria (Metternich), Prussia, and Russia agreed to the Troppau
Protocol that sanctioned intervention against revolutions that
endangered the peace and status quo
c. Great Britain (Castlereagh) dissented: British public opinion and
national interests were changing to favor liberal change
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4. Congress of Laibach (1821)
a. Revolutions in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Piedmont
were led by the "Carbonari" (the “Carbon Burners), Italian
nationalists hoping to create a unified Italy
b. The Congress authorized Austria to use force to restore Ferdinand
I as the ruler of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
c. Austria invaded Italy and suppressed the revolutions
5. Congress of Verona (1822)
a. The important issues: revolution in Greece, revolutions in Spain’s
New World colonies and the movement to liberalize rule in Spain;
The Spanish army revolted when ordered to the Americas
b. France was authorized to restore Ferdinand VII as the absolute
monarch of Spain
1) France invaded and suppressed the rebellion, 1823
2) Great Britain (Canning) protested against the intervention and
left the Concert
3) No action was taken on the Spanish colonies due to British
dissent; Latin American independence was achieved through
this British support
VII EVALUATION OF THE CONCERT OF EUROPE
1. The Concert of Europe followed in the tradition of the Peace of
Westphalia, 1648: it re-established the balance of power through a
conference following a major war.
2. The Concert was the first serious attempt to solve international
problems through conferences rather than warfare.
3. The Concert was controlled by the conservative and reactionary forces
that were opposed to the changes of liberalism and revolutionary
nationalism.
4. The Concert ignored and attempted to suppress the growing liberal and
nationalist movements of Europe.
5. The Concert deteriorated when national interests outweighed the
benefits of peace by Concert (Napoleon's maxim: "There are no
principles in international politics, only self interests.").
6. The dissatisfaction among the subject nationalists and liberals showed
throughout the early nineteenth century in the many revolutionary
movements.
7. The Concert of Europe became one of the best early models for
twentieth century diplomacy based on "collective security": The
peace (security) is kept by nations acting together (collectively)
against aggression or other forces that threaten the peace.
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Notes