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Transparencies to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition
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The structure of body parts make possible their
functions Figure 1.2
The human body is composed of parts within parts
Figure 1.3
Our cells lie within an internal environment, which
they maintain Figure 1.5
A homeostatic mechanism monitors an aspect of
the internal environment Figure 1.6
A thermostat is an example of a homeostatic
mechanism Figure 1.7
The homeostatic mechanism that regulates body
temperature Figure 1.8
Major body cavities Figure 1.9a
Major body cavities Figure 1.9b
The cavities within the head Figure 1.10
A transverse section through the thorax Figure
1.11
Transverse section through the abdomen Figure
1.12
The integumentary system covers the body
Figure 1.13
The skeletal and muscular organ systems provide
support and movement Figure 1.14
The nervous and endocrine organ systems
Figure 1.15
The cardiovascular and lymphatic organ systems
transport fluids Figure 1.16
The digestive, respiratory, and urinary organ
systems Figure 1.17
The reproductive systems manufacture and
transport sex cells Figure 1.18
The organ systems in humans interact to maintain
homeostasis Figure 1.19
Sectioning the body along various planes Figure
1.20
A human brain sectioned along the sagittal plane
Figure 1.21a
A human brain sectioned along the transverse
plane Figure 1.21b
A human brain sectioned along the coronal plane
Figure 1.21c
Cylindrical parts cut in cross section, oblique
section, or longitudinal section Figure 1.22
The abdominal area subdivided into nine regions
Figure 1.23a
The abdominal area subdivided into four quadrants
Figure 1.23b
Some terms used to describe body regions Figure
1.24
Human female torso showing the anterior surface
and the superficial muscles Plate 1
28. Human male torso with the deeper muscle layers
exposed Plate 2
29. Male torso with deep muscles removed and the
abdominal viscera exposed Plate 3
30. Human male torso with the thoracic and abdominal
viscera exposed Plate 4
31. Female torso with lungs, heart, and small intestine
sectioned Plate 5
32. Female torso with heart, stomach, liver, and parts
of the intestine and lungs removed Plate 6
33. Human female torso with the thoracic, abdominal,
and pelvic viscera removed Plate 7
34. Saggital section of the head and trunk Plate 8
35. Saggital section of the head and neck Plate 9
36. Viscera of the thoracic cavity, sagittal section
Plate 10
37. Viscera of the abdominal cavity, sagittal section
Plage 11
38. Viscera of the pelvic cavity, sagittal section Plate
12
39. Transverse section of the head above the eyes,
superior view Plate 13
40. Transverse section of the head at the level of the
eyes, superior view Plate 14
41. Transverse section of the neck, inferior view Plate
15
42. Transverse section of the thorax through the base
of the heart, superior view Plate 16
43. Transverse section of the thorax through the heart,
superior view Plate 17
44. Transverse section of the abdomen through the
kidneys, superior view Plate 18
45. Transverse section of the abdomen through the
pancreas, superior view Plate 19
46. Transverse section of the male pelvic cavity,
superior view Plate 20
47. Thoracic viscera, anterior view Plate 21
48. Thorax with the lungs removed, anterior view
Plate 22
49. Thorax with the heart and lungs removed, anterior
view Plate 23
50. Abdominal viscera, anterior view Plate 24
51. Abdominal viscera with the greater omentum
removed, anterior view Plate 25
52. An atom of lithium Figure 2.1
53. A scan and illustration of the thyroid gland Figure
2B
54. Hydrogen molecules can combine with oxygen
molecules to form water molecules Figure 2.2
55. Electron locations in hydrogen, helium, and lithium
Figure 2.3
56. Formation of an ionic bond Figure 2.4
1
57. A hydrogen molecule forms when two hydrogen
atoms share a pair of electrons and join by a
covalent bond Figure 2.5
58. Structural and molecular formulas for molecules of
hydrogen, oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide
Figure 2.6
59. A water molecule can be represented by a threedimensional model Figure 2.7
60. Water is a polar molecule Figure 2.8
61. The polar nature of water molecules Figure 2.9
62. The pH values of some common substances
Figure 2.10
63. Structural formulas for glucose--straight chain
Figure 2.11a
64. Structural formulas for glucose--ring structure
Figure 2.11b
65. The shape symbolizing the ring structure of a
glucose molecule Figure 2.11c
66. A monosaccharide molecule consists of one 6carbon atom building block Figure 2.12a
67. A disaccharide molecule consists of two 6-carbon
atom building blocks Figure 2.12b
68. A polysaccharide molecule consists of many
building blocks Figure 2.12c
69. A molecule of saturated fatty acid Figure 2.13a
70. A molecule of unsaturated fatty acid Figure 2.13b
71. A triglyceride molecule Figure 2.14
72. A fat molecule contains a glycerol and three fatty
acids Figure 2.15a
73. A phospholipid molecule Figure 2.15b
74. Schematic representation of a phospholipid
Figure 2.15c
75. General structure of a steroid Figure 2.16a
76. The structural formula for cholesterol Figure
2.16b
77. General structure of an amino acid Figure 2.17a
78. Some representative amino acids and their
structural formulas Figure 2.17b
79. A peptide bond between two amino acids Figure
2.18
80. The levels of protein structure Figure 2.19
81. A nucleotide Figure 2.20
82. A schematic representation of nucleic acid
structure--RNA Figure 2.21a
83. A schematic representation of nucleic acid
structure--DNA Figure 2.21b
84. The molecules of ribose and deoxyribose differ by
a single oxygen atom Figure 2.22
85. Three-dimensional model of a water molecule
Figure 2.23a
86. Three-dimensional model of a carbon dioxide
molecule Figure 2.23b
87. Three-dimensional model of a glycine molecule
Figure 2.23c
88. Three-dimensional model of a glucose molecule
Figure 2.23d
89. Three-dimensional model of a fatty acid molecule
Figure 2.23e
90. Three-dimensional model of a collagen molecule
Figure 2.23f
91. Cells vary considerably in size Figure 3.1
92. Cells vary in shape and function Figure 3.2
93. A composite cell Figure 3.3
94. Human red blood cells viewed using a light
microscope Figure 3.5a
95. Human red blood cells viewed using a
transmission electron microscope Figure 3.5b
96. Human red blood cells viewed using a scanning
electron microscope Figure 3.5c
97. The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
Figure 3.6
98. The cell membrane is composed primarily of
phospholipids Figure 3.7
99. Some cells are joined by intercellular junctions
Figure 3.8
100. Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) direct white
blood cells to injury sites Figure 3.9
101. Rough ER is dotted with ribosomes, whereas
smooth ER lacks ribosomes Figure 3.10b,c
102. The Golgi apparatus Figure 3.11b
103. Milk secretion Figure 3.12
104. A mitochondrion Figure 3.13
105. Centrioles Figure 3.15
106. Cilia are sweeping hairlike extensions Figure
3.16a
107. Cilia have a power stroke and a recovery stroke
Figure 3.16b
108. Flagella form the tails of these human sperm cells
Figure 3.17
109. The pores in the nuclear envelope Figure 3.20a
110. Transmission electron micrograph of a cell nucleus
Figure 3.20b
111. An example of diffusion Figure 3.21
112. Diffusion Figure 3.22
113. Oxygen enters cells and carbon dioxide leaves
cells by diffusion Figure 3.23
114. Facilitated diffusion Figure 3.24
115. Osmosis Figure 3.25
116. Placing red blood cells in an isotonic, hypertonic,
or hypotonic solution Figure 3.26
117. Filtration of water and solids Figure 3.27
118. Filtration in the body Figure 3.28
119. Active transport Figure 3.29
120. A cell may take in a tiny droplet of fluid from its
surroundings by pinocytosis Figure 3.30
121. A cell may take in a solid particle from its
surroundings by phagocytosis Figure 3.31
122. A lysosome combines with a vesicle that contains
a phagocytized particle Figure 3.32
123. Receptor-mediated endocytosis Figure 3.33
124. Exocytosis releases particless from cells Figure
3.34
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125. Transcytosis transports HIV across the lining of the
anus or vagina Figure 3.35
126. The cell cycle is divided into interphase and cell
division Figure 3.36
127. Mitosis and cytokinesis Figure 3.37
128. A cancer cell is rounder and less specialized than
surrounding healthy cells Figure 3.39
129. Steps in the development of cancer Figure 3.40
130. Stem cells and progenitor cells Figure 3.41
131. Cell lineages Figure 3.42
132. Two monosaccharides may join by dehydration
synthesis to form a disaccharide Figure 4.1
133. A glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
may join by dehydration synthesis to form a fat
molecule Figure 4.2
134. Two amino acid molecules unite by dehydration
synthesis to form a peptide bond Figure 4.3
135. An enzyme catalyzed reaction Figure 4.4
136. A metabolic pathway Figure 4.5
137. A negative feedback mechanism Figure 4.6
138. An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose,
and three phosphates Figure 4.7
139. ATP provides energy for cellular reactions; cellular
respiration generates ATP Figure 4.8
140. Glycolysis Figure 4.9
141. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in three stages
Figure 4.10
142. The citric acid cycle Figure 4.11
143. A summary of ATP synthesis by oxidative
phosphorylation Figure 4.12
144. An overview of aerobic respiration Figure 4.13
145. Hydrolysis breaks down carbohydrates from foods
into monosaccharides Figure 4.14
146. A summary of the breakdown (catabolism) of
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats Figure 4.15
147. Each nucleotide of a nucleic acid consists of a 5carbon sugar; a phosphate group; and an organic,
nitrogenous base Figure 4.16
148. A polynucleotide chain consists of nucleotides
connected by a sugar-phosphate backbone
Figure 4.17
149. DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains Figure
4.18
150. DNA and chromosome structure Figure 4.19
151. DNA molecule replicates Figure 4.20
152. RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose, and has
uracil Figure 4.21
153. Synthesis of an RNA molecule Figure 4.22
154. DNA information is transcribed into mRNA, and
mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids
Figure 4.23
155. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes Figure
4.24
156. Mutation Figure 4.25
157. Four inborn errors of metabolism Figure 4.26
158. Simple squamous epithelium consists of a layer of
tightly packed, flattened cells Figure 5.1a,b
159. Simple squamous epithelium Figure 5.1c,d
160. Simple cuboidal epithelium Figure 5.2
161. Simple columnar epithelium Figure 5.3
162. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Figure 5.5
163. Stratified squamous epithelium Figure 5.6
164. Stratified cuboidal epithelium Figure 5.7
165. Stratified columnar epithelium Figure 5.8
166. Transitional epithelium Figure 5.9a,b
167. Transitional epithelium Figure 5.9c,d
168. Structural types of exocrine glands Figure 5.10
169. Glandular secretions Figure 5.11
170. Macrophages are scavenger cells common in
connective tissues Figure 5.14
171. Scanning electron micrograph of a mast cell
Figure 5.15
172. Abnormal collagen causes the stretchy skin of
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type I Figure 5.17
173. Loose connective tissue, or areolar tissue, contains
numerous fibroblasts Figure 5.18
174. Adipose tissue cells contain large fat droplets that
push the nuclei close to the cell membranes
Figure 5.19
175. Reticular connective tissue is a network of thin
collagenous fibers Figure 5.20
176. Regular dense connective tissue consists largely of
tightly packed collagenous fibers Figure 5.21
177. Elastic connective tissue contains many elastic
fibers between them Figure 5.22
178. Hyaline cartilage cells (chrondrocytes) are located
in the lacunae Figure 5.23
179. Elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers in its
intercellular material Figure 5.24
180. Fibrocartilage contains many large collagenous
fibers in its intercellular material Figure 5.25
181. Bone tissue Figure 5.26a,b
182. Blood tissue consists of red and white blood cells
and platelets suspended in an intercellular fluid
Figure 5.27
183. Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of striated
muscle fibers with many nuclei Figure 5.28
184. Smooth muscle tissue consists of spindle-shaped
cells, each with a large nucleus Figure 5.29
185. Cardiac muscle cells are branched and
interconnected, with a single nucleus each Figure
5.30
186. A neuron with cellular processes extending into its
surroundings Figure 5.31
187. An organ, such as the skin, is composed of several
kinds of tissues Figure 6.1
188. A section of skin Figure 6.2a
189. Epidermis Figure 6.3
190. A melanocyte may have pigment-containing
extensions that pass between epidermal cells and
transfer pigment into them Figure 6.4b
3
191. A hair grows from the base of a hair follicle Figure
6.5
192. Scanning electron micrograph of a hair emerging
from the epidermis Figure 6.6
193. Nails grow from epithelial cells Figure 6.7
194. A sebaceous gland secretes sebum into a hair
follicle Figure 6.8
195. Location of the ducts of the eccrine and apocrine
sweat glands Figure 6.9
196. Body temperature regulation is an example of
homeostasis Figure 6.11
197. Healing of a wound Figure 6.13
198. Subdivision of the body into regions as an aid for
estimating the extent of damage burns cause
Figure 6.14
199. Bones are classified by shape Figure 7.1
200. Major parts of a long bone Figure 7.2
201. Photo of femur, epiphyses of the femur, and a skull
bone Figure 7.3a
202. Compact bone is composed of osteons cemented
together by bone matrix Figure 7.4
203. Fetal skeleton (fourteen-week old fetus) Figure
7.6a
204. Major stages in the development of an
endochondral bone Figure 7.8
205. Epiphyseal plate Figure 7.9
206. Radiograph showing the presence of epiphyseal
plates in a child's bones Figure 7.11
207. Increased amount of bone at the sites of muscle
attachment Figure 7.12
208. Hormonal regulation of bone calcium resorption
and deposition Figure 7.13
209. Sutural bones Figure 7.14
210. Major bones of the skeleton Figure 7.15
211. The hyoid bone Figure 7.16
212. Anterior view of the skull Figure 7.17
213. The orbit of the eye includes both cranial and facial
bones Figure 7.18
214. Right lateral view of the skull Figure 7.19
215. Inferior view of the skull Figure 7.20
216. The sphenoid bone Figure 7.21
217. The ethmoid bone Figure 7.22
218. Lateral wall of the nasal cavity Figure 7.23
219. Floor of the cranial cavity Figure 7.24
220. Locations of the sinuses Figure 7.25
221. The palatine bones Figure 7.26
222. Sagittal section of the skull Figure 7.27
223. Coronal section of the skull Figure 7.28
224. Mandible Figure 7.29
225. Right lateral view of the infantile skull Figure
7.31a
226. Superior view of the infantile skull Figure 7.31b
227. The curved vertebral column Figure 7.32
228. Typical thoracic vertebra Figure 7.33
229. Superior view of the atlas and right lateral view and
superior view of the axis Figure 7.34
230. Radiograph of the cervical vertebrae Figure 7.35
231. Superior view of a cervical vertebra Figure 7.36a
232. Superior view of a thoracic vertebra Figure 7.36b
233. Superior view of a lumbar vertebra Figure 7.36c
234. Sacrum and coccyx Figure 7.37
235. The thoracic cage Figure 7.38a
236. Radiograph of the thoracic cage Figure 7.38b
237. A typical rib Figure 7.39
238. The pectoral girdle Figure 7.40a
239. Scapula Figure 7.41
240. Right upper limb Figure 7.42a-c
241. Radiograph of the right elbow and forearm Figure
7.42d
242. Humerus Figure 7.43
243. Radius and ulna Figure 7.44
244. Wrist and hand Figure 7.45a-b
245. Radiograph of the right hand Figure 7.45c
246. A person with polydactyly has extra digits Figure
7.46
247. Pelvic girdle Figure 7.47a-b
248. Radiograph of the pelvic girdle Figure 7.47c
249. Coxa Figure 7.48
250. The female pelvis Figure 7.49
251. Radiograph of the right knee Figure 7.50a
252. Parts of the lower limb Figure 7.50b-d
253. Femur Figure 7.51
254. Bones of the right leg Figure 7.52
255. Radiograph view of the right foot from the medial
side Figure 7.53a
256. The talus moves freely where it articulates with the
tibia and fibula Figure 7.53b
257. Right foot viewed superiorly Figure 7.54a
258. Radiograph of the right foot viewed superiorly
Figure 7.54b
259. The bones change to different degrees and at
different rates over a lifetime Figure 7.55
260. The skull, frontal view Plate 26
261. The skull, left anterolateral view Plate 27
262. The skull, left posterolateral view Plate 28
263. Bones of the left orbital region Plate 29
264. Bones of the anterior nasal region Plate 30
265. Bones of the left zygomatic region Plate 31
266. Bones of the left temporal region Plate 32
267. The skull, inferior view Plate 33
268. Base of the skull, sphenoid region Plate 34
269. Base of the skull, occipital region Plate 35
270. Base of the skull, maxillary region Plate 36
271. Mandible, lateral view Plate 37
272. Mandible, medial surface of right ramus Plate 38
273. Frontal bone, anterior view Plate 39
274. Occipital bone, inferior view Plate 40
275. Temporal bone, left lateral view Plate 41
276. Ethmoid bone, right lateral view Plate 42
277. Sphenoid bone, anterior view Plate 43
278. Sphenoid bone, superior view Plate 44
279. The skull, sagittal section Plate 45
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280. Ethmoidal region, sagittal section Plate 46
281. Sphenoidal region, sagittal section Plate 47
282. The skull, floor of the cranial cavity Plate 48
283. Frontal region, transverse section Plate 49
284. Sphenoidal region, floor of the cranial cavity Plate
50
285. Skull of a fetus, left anterolateral view Plate 51
286. Skull of a fetus, left superior view Plate 52
287. Skull of a child, right lateral view Plate 53
288. Skull of an aged person, left lateral view Plate 54
289. The articulation between the tibia and fibula
Figure 8.1
290. Fibrous joints Figure 8.2
291. The articulation between the root of a tooth and the
jawbone is a gomphosis Figure 8.4
292. The articulation between the first rib and the
manubrium is a synchondrosis Figure 8.5
293. Fibrocartilage composes the symphysis pubis
Figure 8.6
294. The generalized structure of a synovial joint
Figure 8.7
295. Menisci separate the articulating surfaces of the
femur and tibia Figure 8.8
296. Types and examples of synovial (freely movable)
joints Figure 8.9a-c
297. Types and examples of synovial (freely movable)
joints Figure 8.9d-f
298. Adduction, abduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
hyperextension, extension, and flexion Figure
8.10
299. Rotation, circumduction, pronation, and supination
Figure 8.11
300. Eversion, inversion, retraction, protraction,
elevation, and depression Figure 8.12
301. The shoulder joint allows movement in all
directions Figure 8.13a
302. Photograph of the shoulder joint Figure 8.13b
303. Ligaments associated with the shoulder joint
Figure 8.14
304. The elbow joint Figure 8.15
305. Ligaments associated with the elbow joint Figure
8.16
306. The hip joint Figure 8.18a
307. Photograph of the hip joint Figure 8.18b
308. The major ligaments of the right hip joint Figure
8.19
309. The knee joint is the most complex of the synovial
joints Figure 8.20a
310. Photograph of the knee joint Figure 8.20b
311. Ligaments within the knee joint help to strengthen
it Figure 8.21
312. Nuclear scan of good and bad knees Figure 8.23
313. Tendons attach muscles to bones; aponeuroses
attach muscles to other muscles Figure 9.1
314. A skeletal muscle is composed of a variety of
tissues Figure 9.2
315. Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 9.4
316. A sarcomere Figure 9.5
317. Thick filaments are composed of the protein
myosin, and thin filaments are composed of the
protein actin Figure 9.6
318. A network of sarcoplasmic reticulum and a system
of transverse tubules Figure 9.7
319. Neuromuscular junction Figure 9.8a
320. Muscle fibers within a motor unit may be
distributed throughout the muscle Figure 9.9
321. Sliding filament theory Figure 9.10
322. When a skeletal muscle contracts, individual
sarcomeres shorten Figure 9.11a
323. A muscle cell uses energy released in cellular
respiration to synthesize ATP Figure 9.12
324. Oxygen required to support aerobic reactions of
cellular respiration is carried in the blood and
stored in myoglobin Figure 9.13
325. Liver cells can convert lactic acid, generated by
muscles anaerobically, to glucose Figure 9.14
326. A myogram of a single muscle twitch Figure 9.15
327. The length-tension relationship of skeletal muscle
Figure 9.16
328. Myograms of a series of twitches, summation, and
a tetanic contraction Figure 9.17
329. Types of muscle contractions Figure 9.18
330. Transmission electron micrograph of intercalated
discs of cardiac muscle Figure 9.19
331. Three types of levers Figure 9.20
332. Levers and movement Figure 9.21
333. The biceps brachii has two heads that originate on
the scapula Figure 9.22
334. Anterior view of superficial skeletal muscles
Figure 9.23
335. Posterior view of superficial skeletal muscles
Figure 9.24
336. Muscles of facial expression and mastication
Figure 9.25
337. Deep muscles of the back and the neck Figure
9.26
338. Muscles of the posterior shoulder Figure 9.27
339. Muscles of the anterior chest and abdominal wall
Figure 9.28
340. Muscles of the posterior surface of the scapula and
arm Figure 9.29
341. Cross section of the arm Figure 9.30
342. Muscles of the anterior shoulder and the arm, with
the rib cage removed Figure 9.31
343. Muscles of the anterior forearm Figure 9.32
344. Muscles of the arm and forearm Figure 9.33
345. A cross section of the forearm (superior view)
Figure 9.34
346. Isolated muscles of the abdominal wall Figure
9.35
347. Muscles of the male and female pelvic outlet
Figure 9.36
5
348. Muscles of the anterior right thigh and isolated
view of the vastus intermedius Figure 9.37
349. Muscles of the lateral right thigh Figure 9.38
350. Muscles of the thigh and leg Figure 9.39
351. A cross section of the thigh Figure 9.40
352. Muscles of the anterior right leg Figure 9.41
353. Muscles of the lateral right leg Figure 9.42
354. Muscles of the posterior right leg Figure 9.43
355. A cross section of the leg Figure 9.44
356. Surface anatomy of head and neck Plate 55
357. Surface anatomy of upper limb and thorax Plate
56
358. Surface anatomy of back and upper limbs Plate
57
359. Surface anatomy of torso and arms Plate 58
360. Surface anatomy of torso and thighs Plate 59
361. Surface anatomy of forearm Plate 60
362. Surface anatomy of the hand Plate 61
363. Surface anatomy of knee and surrounding area
Plate 62
364. Surface anatomy of knee and surrounding area
Plate 63
365. Surface anatomy of ankle and leg Plate 64
366. Surface anatomy of ankle and foot Plate 65
367. Lateral view of the head Plate 66
368. Anterior view of the trunk Plate 67
369. Posterior view of the trunk, with deep thoracic
muscles exposed on the left Plate 68
370. Posterior view of the right thorax and arm Plate
69
371. Posterior view of the right forearm and hand Plate
70
372. Anterior view of the right thigh Plate 71
373. Posterior view of the right thigh Plate 72
374. Anterior view of the right leg Plate 73
375. Lateral view of the right leg Plate 74
376. Posterior view of the right leg Plate 75
377. Neurons are the structural and functional units of
the nervous system Figure 10.1
378. Nervous system Figure 10.2
379. A common neuron Figure 10.3
380. The myelin sheath of a myelinated axon Figure
10.4a
381. Light micrograph of a myelinated axon Figure
10.4b
382. An axon lying in a longitudinal groove of a
Schwann cell lacks a myelin sheath Figure 10.4c
383. A falsely colored transmission electron micrograph
of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in cross
section Figure 10.5
384. The multipolar neuron, the bipolar neuron, and the
unipolar neuron Figure 10.6
385. Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
Figure 10.7
386. The microglial cell, oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, and
ependymal cell Figure 10.8
387. Events that occur when a myelinated axon is
injured Figure 10.10
388. Synaptic cleft at a synapse Figure 10.11
389. The synapse Figure 10.12a
390. A transmission electron micrograph of a synaptic
knob filled with synaptic vesicles Figure 10.12b
391. A gatelike mechanism can close or open some of
the channels in cell membranes through which ions
pass Figure 10.13
392. Conditions that lead to the resting potential Figure
10.14
393. A subthreshold depolarization will not result in an
action potential Figure 10.15
394. Membrane potential Figure 10.16
395. An oscilloscope records an action potential Figure
10.17
396. Nerve impulse Figure 10.18
397. On a myelinated axon, a nerve impulse appears to
jump from node to node Figure 10.19
398. The synaptic knobs of many axons may
communicate with the cell body of a neuron
Figure 10.20
399. Impulse processing in neuronal pools Figure
10.21
400. Meninges Figure 11.1
401. Meninges of the spinal cord Figure 11.2
402. Ventricles within the cerebral hemispheres and
brainstem Figure 11.3a
403. Choroid plexuses in ventricle walls secrete
cerebrospinal fluid Figure 11.4
404. Spinal cord Figure 11.5
405. A cross section of the spinal cord Figure 11.6a
406. Micrograph of the spinal cord Figure 11.6b
407. A reflex arc Figure 11.7
408. The knee-jerk reflex Figure 11.8
409. A withdrawal reflex Figure 11.9
410. Maintaining balance with a withdrawal reflex
Figure 11.10
411. Major ascending and descending tracts within a
cross section of the spinal cord Figure 11.11
412. Sensory impulses originating in skin touch
receptors Figure 11.12
413. Most motor fibers of the corticospinal tract begin in
the cerebral cortex Figure 11.13
414. A dislocation of the atlas may cause a
compression injury to the spinal cord Figure 11C
415. Brain development Figure 11.14
416. The major portions of the brain Figure 11.15a
417. Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Figure 11.16
418. Some sensory, association, and motor areas of the
left cerebral cortex Figure 11.17
419. Functional regions of the cerebral cortex Figure
11.18
420. A coronal section of the left cerebral hemisphere
reveals some of the basal nuclei Figure 11.19
421. Brainstem Figure 11.20
6
422. The reticular formation Figure 11.21
423. The cerebellum Figure 11.22
424. Brain waves record fluctuating electrical changes
in the brain Figure 11F
425. The structure of a peripheral mixed nerve Figure
11.23
426. The cranial nerves arise from the brainstem
Figure 11.25
427. Trigeminal nerves Figure 11.26
428. Facial nerves Figure 11.27
429. Vagus nerves Figure 11.28
430. Spinal nerves Figure 11.29
431. Dermatomes Figure 11.30
432. Spinal nerve Figure 11.31
433. Anterior branches of the spinal nerves in the
thoracic region give rise to intercostal nerves
Figure 11.32
434. Nerves of the brachial plexus Figure 11.33
435. Nerves of the lumbosacral plexus Figure 11.34
436. Motor pathways Figure 11.35
437. A chain of paravertebral ganglia extends along
each side of the vertebral column Figure 11.36
438. Sympathetic fibers Figure 11.37
439. Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of
the autonomic nervous system Figure 11.38
440. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system Figure
11.39
441. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers Figure
11.40
442. Receptors Figure 11.41
443. Touch and pressure receptors Figure 12.1
444. Surface regions to which visceral pain may be
referred Figure 12.2
445. Pain originating in the heart may feel as if it is
coming from the skin Figure 12.3
446. Increased muscle length stimulates muscle
spindles, which stimulate muscle contraction
Figure 12.4a
447. Golgi tendon organs occupy tendons, where they
inhibit muscle contraction Figure 12.4b
448. Olfactory receptors Figure 12.5
449. Light micrograph of the olfactory epithelium
Figure 12.6
450. Taste receptors Figure 12.7
451. A light micrograph of some taste buds Figure 12.8
452. Major parts of the ear Figure 12.9
453. The tensor tympani and the stapedius are effectors
in the tympanic reflex Figure 12.10
454. Perilymph and the spiral lamina within the inner ear
Figure 12.11
455. The cochlea is a coiled, bony canal with a
membranous tube inside Figure 12.12
456. Cochlea Figure 12.13
457. Organ of Corti Figure 12.14
458. Receptors in regions of the cochlear duct sense
different frequencies of vibration Figure 12.15
459. The auditory nerve pathway Figure 12.16
460. The saccule and utricle Figure 12.17
461. The maculae respond to changes in head position
Figure 12.18
462. Scanning electron micrograph of hairs of hair cells
Figure 12.19
463. A crista ampullaris is located within the ampulla of
each semicircular canal Figure 12.20
464. Equilibrium Figure 12.21
465. Sagittal section of the closed eyelids and the
anterior portion of the eye Figure 12.22
466. The lacrimal apparatus consists of a tear-secreting
gland and a series of ducts Figure 12.23
467. The extrinsic muscles of the right eye Figure
12.24
468. Transverse section of the right eye Figure 12.25
469. Anterior portion of the eye Figure 12.26
470. Lens and ciliary body viewed from behind Figure
12.28
471. Accommodation Figure 12.29
472. Aqueous humor Figure 12.30
473. Dim and bright light effects on the iris and pupil
Figure 12.31
474. The retina consists of several cell layers Figure
12.32
475. Light micrograph of the retina Figure 12.33
476. Retina Figure 12.34
477. Effects of light passing through glass at an oblique
angle Figure 12.35
478. Light waves passing through a lens Figure 12.36
479. The image of an object forms upside down on the
retina Figure 12.37
480. Rods and cones Figure 12.38a,b
481. Scanning electron micrograph of rods and cones
Figure 12.38c
482. Rhodopsin is embedded in discs of membrane that
are stacked within the rod cells Figure 12.39
483. Stereoscopic vision results from formation of two
slightly different retinal images Figure 12.40
484. The visual pathway Figure 12.41
485. Types of glands Figure 13.1
486. Chemical communication Figure 13.2
487. Locations of major endocrine glands Figure 13.3
488. Structural formulas of cortisol, norepinephrine, and
PGE2 and amino acid sequences of PTH and
oxytocin Figure 13.4
489. Steroid hormones Figure 13.5
490. Adenylate cyclase conversion Figure 13.6
491. Nonsteroid hormones Figure 13.7
492. Control of the endocrine system Figure 13.8
493. The pituitary gland Figure 13.9
494. A change in the internal environment alters
hormone secretion Figure 13.10
7
495. Negative feedback and hormone concentrations
Figure 13.11
496. Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate cells
of the anterior lobe to secrete hormones Figure
13.12
497. Hypothalamic control of the peripheral endocrine
glands may utilize as many as three types of
hormones Figure 13.13
498. Light micrograph of the anterior pituitary gland
Figure 13.14
499. Hormones released from the hypothalamus and
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Figure
13.15
500. TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior
pituitary gland to release TSH Figure 13.16
501. The structure of oxytocin differs from that of ADH
by only two amino acids, yet they function
differently Figure 13.17
502. Thyroid gland Figure 13.18
503. A light micrograph of thyroid gland tissue Figure
13.19
504. The hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine have
very similar molecular structures Figure 13.20
505. Cretinism Figure 13.21
506. Graves disease Figure 13.22
507. Goiter Figure 13.23
508. The parathyroid glands are embedded in the
posterior surface of the thyroid gland Figure 13.24
509. Light micrograph of the parathyroid gland Figure
13.25
510. Mechanism by which PTH promotes calcium
absorption in the intestine Figure 13.26
511. Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone to release
calcium and the kidneys to conserve calcium
Figure 13.27
512. Adrenal glands Figure 13.28
513. Light micrograph of the adrenal medulla and the
adrenal cortex Figure 13.29
514. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have similar
molecular structures and similar functions Figure
13.30
515. Aldosterone increases blood volume and pressure
Figure 13.31
516. Cortisol and aldosterone are steroids with similar
molecular structures Figure 13.32
517. Negative feedback regulates cortisol secretion
Figure 13.33
518. Hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas are
grouped in islets that are closely associated with
blood vessels Figure 13.34
519. Light micrograph of a pancreatic islet in the
pancreas Figure 13.35
520. Insulin and glucagon function together to stabilize
blood glucose concentration Figure 13.36
521. During stress, the hypothalamus helps prepare the
body for fight or flight Figure 13.37
522. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets Figure 14.1
523. The percentage of red cells (hematocrit) can be
determined if a blood-filled capillary tube is
centrifuges Figure 14.2
524. Blood cells Figure 14.3
525. Red blood cells Figure 14.4
526. Low blood oxygen causes the kidneys and liver to
release erythropoietin Figure 14.5
527. Life cycle of a red blood cell Figure 14.6
528. Light micrographs of red blood cells, normal and
abnormal Figure 14.7
529. Structural formulas Figure 14.8
530. A neutrophil has a lobed nucleus with two to five
components Figure 14.9
531. An eosinophil has red-staining cytoplasmic
granules Figure 14.10
532. A basophil has cytoplasmic granules that stain
deep Figure 14.11
533. A monocyte may leave the bloodstream and
become a macrophage Figure 14.12
534. The lymphocyte contains a large, spherical nucleus
Figure 14.13
535. Diapedesis Figure 14.14
536. Phagocytosis Figure 14.15
537. Blood composition Figure 14.16
538. Steps in platelet plug formation Figure 14.17
539. Schematic of blood-clotting mechanism Figure
14.19
540. Light micrograph of a normal artery Figure 14.20a
541. The inner wall of an artery changed as a result of
atherosclerosis Figure 14.20b
542. Different combinations of antigens and antibodies
distinguish blood types Figure 14.21
543. Agglutination Figure 14.22
544. Rh factor Figure 14.23
545. The cardiovascular system transports blood
throughout the body Figure 15.1
546. Anterior view of a human heart Figure 15.2
547. The heart is posterior to the sternum, where it lies
upon the diaphragm Figure 15.3
548. The heart is within the mediastinum and is
enclosed by a layered pericardium Figure 15.4
549. Layers of the heart wall: an endocardium, a
myocardium, and an epicardium Figure 15.5
550. Coronal sections of the heart Figure 15.6b
551. Photograph of a human tricuspid valve Figure
15.7
552. Photograph of the pulmonary and aortic valves of
the heart Figure 15.8
553. The skeleton of the heart Figure 15.9
554. The right and left ventricles Figure 15.10
555. Path of blood through the heart and pulmonary
circuit Figure 15.11
556. The openings of the coronary arteries lie just
beyond the aortic valve Figure 15.12
8
557. Blood vessels associated with the surface of the
heart Figure 15.13a
558. Blood vessels associated with the surface of the
heart Figure 15.13b
559. An angiogram (radiograph) of the coronary arteries
is used to examine blood vessels Figure 15.14
560. Path of blood through the coronary circulation
Figure 15.15
561. The atria empty during atrial systole and fill with
blood during atrial diastole Figure 15.16
562. Thoracic regions where the sounds of each heart
valve are most easily heard Figure 15.17
563. The cardiac conduction system Figure 15.18
564. Components of the cardiac conduction system
Figure 15.19
565. The muscle fibers within the ventricular walls all
arranged in patterns of whorls Figure 15.20
566. ECG pattern Figure 15.21
567. A graph of some of the changes that occur in the
left ventricle during a cardiac cycle Figure 15.22
568. A prolonged QRS complex may result from
damage to the A-V bundle fibers Figure 15.23
569. Autonomic nerve impulses alter the activities of the
S-A and A-V nodes Figure 15.24
570. Blood vessels Figure 15.25
571. The smallest arterioles have only a few smooth
muscle fibers in their walls Figure 15.26
572. Some metarterioles provide arteriovenous shunts
by connecting arterioles directly to venules Figure
15.28
573. Substances are exchanged between blood and
tissue fluid through openings separating
endothelial cells Figure 15.29a
574. Transmission electron micrograph of a capillary
cross section Figure 15.29b-c
575. Light micrograph of a capillary network Figure
15.30
576. Water leaves capillaries because of a net outward
pressure at the capillaries' arteriolar ends Figure
15.31
577. Venous valves Figure 15.32
578. Most of the blood volume is contained within the
veins and venules Figure 15.33
579. Sites where an arterial pulse is most easily
detected Figure 15.34
580. Some of the factors that influence arterial blood
pressure Figure 15.35
581. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction Figure 15.36
582. Controlling cardiac output and peripheral
resistance regulates blood pressure Figure 15.37
583. If blood pressure rises, baroreceptors initiate the
cardioinhibitor reflex Figure 15.38
584. Dilating arterioles helps regulate blood pressure
Figure 15.39
585. The massaging action of skeletal muscles helps
move blood through the venous system toward the
heart Figure 15.40
586. Blood reaches the lungs through branches of the
pulmonary arteries; it returns through pulmonary
veins Figure 15.41
587. Cells of the alveolar wall are tightly joined Figure
15.42
588. The major blood vessels associated with the heart
Figure 15.43
589. Major branches of the abdominal aorta Figure
15.44a
590. Angiogram of the abdominal aorta Figure 15.44b
591. The main arteries of the head and neck Figure
15.45
592. An angiogram of the arteries associated with the
head Figure 15.46
593. View of inferior surface of the brain Figure 15.47
594. The main arteries to the shoulder and upper limb
Figure 15.48
595. Arteries that supply the thoracic wall Figure 15.49
596. Arteries that supply the pelvic region Figure 15.50
597. Main branches of the external iliac artery Figure
15.51
598. Major vessels of the arterial system Figure 15.52
599. The major veins of the brain, head, and neck
Figure 15.53
600. The main veins of the upper limb and shoulder
Figure 15.54
601. Veins that drain the thoracic wall Figure 15.55
602. Veins that drain the abdominal viscera Figure
15.56
603. Schematic drawing of the cardiovascular system
Figure 15.57
604. The main veins of the lower limb and pelvis
Figure 15.58
605. Major vessels of the venous system Figure 15.59
606. Schematic representation of lymphatic vessels
transporting fluid from interstitial spaces to the
bloodstream Figure 16.1
607. Lymphatic capillaries Figure 16.2
608. Light micrograph of the flaplike valve within a
lymphatic vessel Figure 16.3
609. Lymphatic vessels merge into larger lymphatic
trunks Figure 16.4
610. A lymphangiogram of the lymphatic vessels and
lymph nodes of the pelvic region Figure 16.5
611. Lymphatic pathways Figure 16.6
612. The lymphatic pathway Figure 16.7
613. Tissue fluid enters lymphatic capillaries through
flaplike valves between epithelial cells Figure 16.8
614. Lymph enters and leaves a lymph node through
lymphatic vessels Figure 16.9
615. A section of a lymph node Figure 16.10a
616. Light micrograph of a lymph node Figure 16.10b
617. Major locations of lymph nodes Figure 16.11
9
618. Thymus and spleen Figure 16.12a
619. Spleen Figure 16.14a
620. Light micrograph of the spleen Figure 16.14b
621. Bone marrow releases undifferentiated
lymphocytes Figure 16.16
622. T cell and B cell activation Figure 16.17a
623. Macrophages bind to lymphocytes Figure 16.17b
624. A B cell encounters an antigen that fits its antigen
receptor Figure 16.18
625. An activated B cell proliferates after stimulation by
cytokines released by helper T cells Figure 16.19
626. An immunoglobin molecule Figure 16.20
627. A primary immune response produces a lesser
concentration of antibodies than a secondary
response Figure 16.21
628. Immediate-reaction allergy Figure 16.22a
629. A mast cell releases histamine granules Figure
16.22b
630. Scleroderma hardens the skin Figure 16.23
631. Organs of the digestive system Figure 17.1
632. The alimentary canal is a muscular tube about 8
meters long Figure 17.2
633. Layers of the wall of the small intestine: inner
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and outer
mucosa Figure 17.3
634. Movements through the alimentary canal Figure
17.4
635. The mouth is adapted for ingesting food and
preparing it for digestion Figure 17.5
636. The surface of the tongue Figure 17.6
637. Sagittal section of the mouth, nasal cavity, and
pharynx Figure 17.7
638. Partially dissected child's skull revealing primary
and developing secondary teeth Figure 17.8
639. Permanent teeth: the secondary teeth of the upper
and lower jaws Figure 17.9a
640. Permanent teeth: anterior view of the secondary
teeth Figure 17.9b
641. A section of a cuspid tooth Figure 17.10
642. Locations of the major salivary glands Figure
17.11
643. Light micrograph of the parotid salivary gland
Figure 17.12a
644. Light micrograph of the submandibular salivary
gland Figure 17.12b
645. Light micrograph of the sublingual salivary gland
Figure 17.12c
646. Muscles of the pharyngeal wall, posterior view
Figure 17.13
647. Steps in the swallowing reflex Figure 17.14
648. The esophagus functions as a passageway
between the pharynx and the stomach Figure
17.15
649. This cross section of the esophagus shows its
muscular wall Figure 17.16
650. Stomach Figure 17.17
651. Radiograph of a stomach Figure 17.18
652. Lining of the stomach Figure 17.19a
653. A light micrograph of cells associated with the
gastric glands Figure 17.19b
654. The secretion of gastric juice is regulated in part by
parasympathetic nerve impulses Figure 17.20
655. Stomach movements Figure 17.21
656. The enterogastric reflex regulates the rate at which
chyme leaves the stomach Figure 17.22
657. The pancreas is closely associated with the
duodenum Figure 17.23
658. Acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the
stomach Figure 17.24
659. A transverse section of the abdomen reveals the
liver and other organs Figure 17.25
660. Lobes of the liver, viewed anteriorly and inferiorly
Figure 17.26
661. Hepatic lobe Figure 17.27a-b
662. Light micrograph of hepatic lobules in cross section
Figure 17.27c
663. The paths of blood and bile within a hepatic lobule
Figure 17.28
664. Falsely colored radiograph of a gallbladder that
contains gallstones Figure 17.29
665. Fatty chyme entering the duodenum stimulates the
gallbladder to release bile Figure 17.30
666. The three parts of the small intestine are the
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum Figure
17.31
667. Radiograph showing a normal small intestine
containing a radiopaque substance that the patient
ingested Figure 17.32
668. Mesentery formed by folds of the peritoneal
membrane Figure 17.33
669. The greater omentum hangs like an apron over the
abdominal organs Figure 17.34
670. Structure of a single intestinal villus Figure 17.35
671. Light micrograph of intestinal villi from the wall of
the duodenum Figure 17.36
672. Intestinal epithelium Figure 17.37a
673. Transmission electron micrograph of microvilli
Figure 17.37b
674. Section of small intestine Figure 17.38
675. Digestion breaks down complex carbohydrates into
disaccharides Figure 17.39
676. The amino acids that result from dipeptide
digestion are absorbed by intestinal villi and enter
the blood Figure 17.40
677. Fatty acids and glycerol result from fat digestion
Figure 17.41
678. Fat absorption has several steps Figure 17.42
679. Parts of the large intestine Figure 17.43
680. Radiograph of the large intestine containing a
radiopaque substance that the patient ingested
Figure 17.44
10
681. The rectum and the anal canal are at the distal end
of the alimentary canal Figure 17.45
682. Light micrograph of the large intestinal wall Figure
17.46
683. Light micrograph of the large intestinal mucosa
Figure 17.47
684. Hormones control body weight Figure 18.1
685. Liver enzymes catalyze reactions that convert the
monosaccharides fructose and galactose into
glucose Figure 18.2
686. Monosaccharides from foods are used for energy,
stored as glycogen, or reacted to produce fat
Figure 18.3
687. The body digests fat from foods into glycerol and
fatty acids Figure 18.4
688. The liver uses fatty acids to synthesize a variety of
lipids Figure 18.5
689. Proteins are digested to their constituent amino
acids Figure 18.6
690. The body digests proteins from foods into amino
acids Figure 18.7
691. A bomb calorimeter measures the caloric content
of a food sample Figure 18.8
692. A molecule of beta carotene can react to form two
molecules of retinal, which can react to form retinol
Figure 18.10
693. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, in which the
bones and teeth do not develop normally Figure
18.11
694. Enzymes catalyze reactions that convert niacin
from foods into physiologically active niacinamide
Figure 18.12
695. Niacinamide is incorporated into molecules of
coenzyme 1 Figure 18.13
696. Vitamin B6 includes three similar chemical
compounds Figure 18.14
697. Vitamin B12, which has the most complex
molecular structure of the vitamins, contains cobalt
Figure 18.15
698. Vitamin C is chemically similar to some 6-carbon
monosaccharides Figure 18.16
699. Three examples of essential sulfur-containing
nutrients Figure 18.18
700. A hemoglobin molecule contains four heme groups
Figure 18.19a
701. Normal red blood cells Figure 18.19b
702. Red blood cells containing too little hemoglobin
Figure 18.19c
703. Food guide pyramids Figure 18.20
704. Two types of starvation in the young Figure 18.21
705. Organs of the respiratory system Figure 19.1
706. Major features of the upper respiratory tract
Figure 19.2
707. Mucus movement in the respiratory tract Figure
19.3
708. Radiographs of the skull Figure 19.4
709. Anterior and posterior views of the larynx Figure
19.5
710. Coronal section and sagittal section of the larynx
Figure 19.6
711. The vocal cords as viewed from above the glottis
closed and open Figure 19.7a,b
712. Photograph of the glottis and vocal folds Figure
19.7c
713. The trachea transports air between the larynx and
the bronchii Figure 19.8
714. Cross section of the trachea Figure 19.9
715. Light micrograph of a section of the tracheal wall
Figure 19.10
716. A tracheostomy may be performed to allow air to
bypass an obstruction within the larynx Figure
19.11
717. The bronchial tree consists of the passageways
that connect the trachea and the alveoli Figure
19.12
718. A plastic cast of the bronchial tree Figure 19.13
719. The respiratory tubes end in tiny alveoli, each of
which is surrounded by a capillary network Figure
19.14
720. Light micrograph of alveoli Figure 19.15
721. Oxygen diffuses into the capillary; carbon dioxide
diffuses into the alveolus Figure 19.16
722. Locations of the lungs within the thoracic cavity
Figure 19.19
723. Left and right pleural spaces Figure 19.20
724. When the lungs are at rest, the pressure inside of
the lungs is equal to the pressure outside of the
thorax Figure 19.21
725. Moving the plunger of a syringe causes air to move
in or out of the syringe Figure 19.22
726. Normal inspiration Figure 19.23
727. Maximal inspiration Figure 19.24
728. Expiration Figure 19.25
729. Respiratory volumes and capacities Figure 19.26
730. A spirometer can be used to measure respiratory
air volumes Figure 19.27
731. The respiratory center is located in the pons and
the medulla oblongata Figure 19.28
732. The medullary rhythmicity and pneumotaxic areas
of the respiratory center control breathing Figure
19.29
733. Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates
peripheral chemoreceptors Figure 19.30
734. The process of inspiration Figure 19.31
735. Alveolar pores allow air to pass from one alveolus
to another Figure 19.32
736. The respiratory membrane Figure 19.33
737. Falsely colored electron micrograph of a capillary
located between alveoli Figure 19.34
738. Gases are exchanged between alveolar air and
capillary blood because of differences in partial
pressures Figure 19.35
11
739. Hemoglobin is completely saturated at normal
systemic arterial PO2 Figure 19.36
740. Blood transports oxygen Figure 19.37
741. The amount of oxygen released from
oxyhemoglobin increases as PCO2 increases
Figure 19.38
742. The amount of oxygen released from
oxyhemoglobin increases as the blood pH
decreases Figure 19.39
743. The amount of oxygen released from
oxyhemoglobin increases as the blood temperature
increases Figure 19.40
744. Carbon dioxide produced by tissue cells is
transported in several different states Figure
19.41
745. As bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood
cell, chloride ions from the plasma diffuse into the
cell Figure 19.42
746. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood
into the alveoli Figure 19.43
747. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra Figure 20.1
748. Structures of the urinary system are visible in this
falsely colored radiograph Figure 20.2
749. Transverse and sagittal sections of the kidneys
Figure 20.3
750. The kidney Figure 20.4
751. Blood vessels associated with the kidneys and
adrenal glands Figure 20.5
752. Main branches of the renal artery and vein Figure
20.6a
753. Corrosion cast of the renal arterial system Figure
20.6b
754. The glomerular capsule has a visceral layer and a
parietal layer Figure 20.8
755. Structure of a nephron and the blood vessels
associated with it Figure 20.10
756. Juxtaglomerular apparatus Figure 20.12
757. Cortical nephrons are close to the surface of a
kidney; juxtramedullary nephrons are near the
renal medulla Figure 20.13
758. The capillary loop of the vasa recta is closely
associated with the nephron loop of a
juxtamedullary nephron Figure 20.14
759. Pathway of blood through the blood vessels of the
kidney and nephron Figure 20.15
760. Capillaries in the kidneys are highly specialized
Figure 20.16
761. Glomerular filtration Figure 20.17
762. The rate of glomerular filtration Figure 20.18
763. Relative amounts of glomerular filtrate and urine
formed in twenty-four hours Figure 20.19
764. The formation of angiotensin II in the bloodstream
Figure 20.20
765. The two processes which contribute to urine
formation Figure 20.21
766. In the proximal portion of the renal tubule, osmosis
reabsorbs water Figure 20.22
767. In the distal convoluted tubule, potassium ions may
be passively secreted Figure 20.23
768. Urine concentrating mechanism Figure 20.24
769. The countercurrent multiplier Figure 20.25
770. A countercurrent mechanism in the vasa recta
helps maintain the NaCl concentration gradient
Figure 20.26
771. Cross section of a ureter Figure 20.27
772. The urinary bladder Figure 20.28
773. A male urinary bladder Figure 20.29
774. Light micrograph of the human urinary bladder wall
Figure 20.30
775. Cross section of the urethra Figure 20.31
776. Male and female urinary bladder and urethra
Figure 20.32
777. Water in the body of an average adult male
Figure 21.1
778. Cell membranes separate fluid in the intracellular
compartment Figure 21.2
779. Extracellular fluid Figure 21.3
780. Net movements of fluids between compartments
Figure 21.4
781. Water balance Figure 21.5
782. Electrolyte balance Figure 21.6
783. Potassium ion concentration Figure 21.7
784. Concentration of calcium ions Figure 21.8
785. Some of the metabolic processes that provide
hydrogen ions Figure 21.9
786. An increase in carbon dioxide elimination follows
as increase in carbon dioxide production Figure
21.10
787. Concentration of hydrogen ions Figure 21.11
788. Chemical buffers act rapidly Figure 21.12
789. Sagittal/posterior view of male reproductive organs
Figure 22.1a
790. Sagittal/posterior view of male reproductive organs
Figure 22.1b
791. During fetal development, each testis descends
through an inguinal canal and enters the scrotum
Figure 22.2
792. Structure of the testis Figure 22.3
793. Spermatogonia give rise to primary spermatocytes
by mitosis, which give rise to sperm cells by
meiosis Figure 22.5
794. Spermatogenesis involves two successive meiotic
divisions Figure 22.6
795. Crossing over mixes up traits Figure 22.7
796. As a result of crossing over, the genetic
information in sperm cells and egg cells varies
from cell to cell Figure 22.8
797. Sperm cell Figure 22.9a
798. Cross section of a human epididymis Figure
22.11
799. Structure of the penis Figure 22.14
12
800. Mechanism of penile erection Figure 22.15
801. Mechanism of emission and ejaculation Figure
22.16
802. The hypothalamus controls sperm cell maturation
and development of male secondary sex
characteristics Figure 22.17
803. Sagittal view of female reproductive organs
Figure 22.18a
804. Transverse section of the female pelvic cavity
Figure 22.18b
805. The ovaries are located on each side against the
lateral walls of the pelvic cavity Figure 22.19
806. During oogenesis, a single egg cell results from
meiosis in a primary oocyte Figure 22.20a
807. Light micrograph of the surface of a mammalian
ovary Figure 22.21
808. Structure of a mature follicle Figure 22.22a
809. Light micrograph of a mammalian (monkey) ovary
Figure 22.23
810. As a follicle matures, a developing oocyte enlarges
and becomes surrounded by follicular cells and
fluid Figure 22.25
811. The funnel-shaped infundibulum of the uterine tube
partially encircles the ovary Figure 22.26
812. Female external reproductive organs Figure
22.29
813. Mechanism of erection, lubrication, and orgasm in
the human female Figure 22.30
814. Control of female secondary sex development
Figure 22.31
815. Major events in the female reproductive cycle
Figure 22.32
816. Structure of the female breast and mammary
glands Figure 22.33
817. Surgical methods of birth control Figure 22.35
818. The paths of the egg and sperm cells through the
female reproductive tract Figure 23.1
819. Steps in fertilization Figure 23.3
820. Light micrographs of a human egg, the two-cell
stage, and a morula Figure 23.4
821. Stages of early human development Figure 23.5
822. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis probes diseasecausing genes in an eight-celled cleavage embryo
Figure 23C
823. After the sixth day of development, the blastocyst
contacts the uterine wall and begins to implant
Figure 23.6a,b
824. Mechanism that preserves the uterine lining during
early pregnancy Figure 23.8
825. Relative concentrations of three hormones in
maternal blood during pregnancy Figure 23.9
826. Early in the embryonic stage of development, the
three primary germ layers form Figure 23.10
827. Human embryo at three weeks, three and one-half
weeks, and about four weeks Figure 23.12
828. Development of an embryo in the fifth through
seventh weeks of gestation Figure 23.13a
829. A human embryo after about six weeks of
development Figure 23.13b
830. 798A Changes occurring during the fifth to
seventh weeks of development Figure 23.14a-d
831. 798B Changes occurring during the fifth to
seventh weeks of development Figure 23.14e-g
832. As the amnion develops, it surrounds the embryo
and the umbilical cord begins to form Figure
23.15
833. Section of the villus Figure 23.16
834. The placenta consists of an embryonic portion and
a maternal portion Figure 23.17
835. The developing placenta as it appears during the
seventh week of pregnancy Figure 23.18
836. By the beginning of the eighth week of
development, the embryonic body is recognizable
as a human Figure 23.19
837. Structures in the developing embryo and fetus are
sensitive to specific teratogens Figure 23.20
838. During development, body proportions change
considerably Figure 23.21
839. Formation of external reproductive organs Figure
23.22
840. A full-term fetus is usually positioned with its head
near the cervix Figure 23.23
841. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into the fetal blood
from the maternal blood Figure 23.24
842. The general pattern of fetal circulation shown
anatomically Figure 23.25
843. The general pattern of fetal circulation shown
schematically Figure 23.26
844. A positive feedback mechanism propels the birth
process Figure 23.27
845. Stages in birth Figure 23.28
846. Mammary glands Figure 23.29
847. Myoepithelial cells contract to release milk Figure
23.30
848. Mechanism that releases milk from the breasts
Figure 23.31
849. The neonatal period extends from birth to the end
of the fourth week after birth Figure 23.32
850. Major changes occur in the newborn's
cardiovascular system Figure 23.33
851. From DNA to gene to chromosome Figure 24.1
852. The gene encoding the CFTR protein is on the
seventh largest chromosome Figure 24.2a
853. In cystic fibrosis, the CFTR protein is abnormal,
usually missing an amino acid Figure 24.2b
854. Representing the genome and proteome Figure
24.3a
855. Representing the genome and proteome Figure
24.3b
856. A karyotype using the FISH technique Figure 24.4
13
857. Inheritance of cystic fibrosis from carrier parents
illustrates autosomal recessive inheritance Figure
24.5
858. Inheritance of Huntington disease from a parent
illustrates autosomal dominant inheritance Figure
24.6
859. Incomplete dominance appears in the plasma
cholesterol levels of heterozygotes and
homozygotes for familial hypercholesterolemia
Figure 24.7
860. Photographs illustrating the varying nature of
height Figure 24.8
861. Variations in skin color Figure 24.9
862. Variations in eye color Figure 24.10
863. Sex determination Figure 24.11
864. The X and Y chromosomes Figure 24.12
865. Extra or missing chromosomes constitute
aneuploidy Figure 24.14
866. Three ways to check a fetus's chromosomes
Figure 24.15
867. Ultrasound Figure 24.16
868. Sites of gene therapy and the methods used to
introduce normal DNA Figure 24C
14