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Comparative Vertebrate Physiology Homeostasis Course Outline Systems Nervous, Muscular, Circulatory, Respiratory, Osmoregulatory, Digestive, Reproductive Processes Thermoregulation Metabolism Course content Structure - what does it look like? Function- how does it work? How and Why? The comparative approach Homeostasis Large external fluctuations Control systems Small internal fluctuations Homeostasis Claude Bernard’s concept All organs interact All cells of organs bathed in internal fluid Cells exist if fluid remains constant in quantity and quality - quality affects quantity Fluctuations occur within narrow limits Feedback mechanisms Disturbance Negative feedback Control system Sensor Set point adjustment Error signal Inverted amplifier Negative feedback Beneficial - Example: perspiration Doesn’t prevent displacement Restores stability close to operating parameters Feedback mechanisms Disturbance Positive feedback + Control system Output Sensor Signal Amplifier Positive feedback Rare and mostly destructive e.g. congestive heart failure Some are beneficial e.g. vomiting Control systems Response Stimulus Integration (CNS) Receptor (cell) Afferent Effector (muscle, gland) Efferent