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AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10th GRADE: Q1 / P1 blade joined together at right angles to each other. The stock is made to slide along the working edge and the Blade moves on the Drawing board. TECHNICAL DRAWING: Technical drawing is a drawing or plan that is used to communicate direction and specifics to a group of people who are creating something, to explain how something works or how to build something. Who Uses Technical Drawings Engineers Contractors Plumbers Electricians Landscape architects Inventors An example of a technical drawing is a drawing made for a plumber with unique symbols to show where all the water lines, sinks, faucets, tubs and toilets are to be located. An example of a technical drawing is a drawing made with computer-assisted design (CAD) to show the details of a new home building project. Set Squares: Set squares are generally made from Plastic or celluloid material. They are triangular in shape with one corner, a right angle triangle. A pair of set squares (30°–60°) and 45°. They are used to draw lines at 30°, 60° and 45° to the vertical and horizontal. INSTRUMENTS: Drawing Board: Drawing board is made from strips of wellseasoned soft wood generally 25 mm thick. One of the shorter edges of the rectangular board is provided with perfectly straight ebony edge which is used as working edge on which the T-square is moved while making Drawings. Protractor: Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between 0 and 180°. They are semicircular in shape (of diameter 100mm) and are made of Plastic or celluloid . Protractors with circular shape capable of marking and measuring 0 to 360° Drawing Pencils: T-square: T-squares are made from hard wood. A T-square consists of two parts namely the stock and the The accuracy and appearance of a Drawing depends on the quality of Pencil used to make Drawing. The grade of a Pencil lead is marked on the Pencil. HB denotes medium grade. Increase in hardness is shown by value put in front of H such as 2H, 3H etc. Softer pencils are marked as B, 2B, and 4B etc. Pencil marked 3B is softer than 2B and Pencil marked 4B is softer than 3B and so on. Beginning of a Drawing may be made with H or 2H. For lettering and dimensioning, H and HB Pencils are used. Drawing Pins and clips: These are used to fix the Drawing sheet on the Drawing board. Compass: Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. The compass has two legs hinged at one end. One of the legs has a pointed needle fitted at the lower end whereas the other end has provision for inserting pencil lead. Fineliner: Fineliner pens are a class of fine fiber or plastic tip pens that are typically used for graphic, drawing or sketching purposes, but are also popular for handwriting as many people like the unique feel of the tip compared to a traditional ball-tipped pen. The tips are generally long and metal-clad to allow use with rulers and templates without bending. Fineliners are generally relatively cheap, as the construction is very simple. They're mostly disposable, but there are a few premium refillable options. Most fineliner pens use dyebased ink, which is not hugely permanent, but there are many that use lightfast and waterproof pigment ink, especially the more technical drawing ranges. AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10th GRADE: Q1 / P1 LINES BY THE SHAPE THEY HAVE: TYPE OF LINES A line is a series of points adjacent to each other. Where a point has no dimension, a line has one dimension. They have a length, but nothing else. In reality a line would need a second dimension to actually see it, but we’ll continue to call them lines and not something else here. Lines are used to draw but they can also fill in spaces in a drawing and add texture. We are going to make a small classification for the lines depending on a characteristic. LINES BY THE POSITION IN THE SPACE: Note: there are more types of line by shape this is only a small list LINES BY THEIR EXTENSION: WHAT IS AN ANGLE? An angle is the amount of turn between two straight lines that have a common end point (the vertex). AOB = is used to represent an angle. A & B are the lines and O is the vertex. TYPES OF ANGLES Zero Angle: is the angle that measures 0º LINES BY THEIR RELATION WITH EACH OTHER: AOB = 0º Acute Angle: the measure of the angle is less than 90 ° AOB < 90º Right Angle: is the angle that measures exactly 90 ° AOB = 90º Obtuse Angle: the measure of the angle is greater than 90 ° AOB > 90º Straight Angle: It is the angle that measures 180º AOB = 180º Reflex Angle: is one which is more than 180° but less than 360° AOB > 180º AOB < 360º Full Angle: It means turning around until you point in the same direction again or 360º AOB = 360º AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10th GRADE: Q1 / P1 A vertex is a corner. An edge is a line segment that joins two vertices. A face is an individual surface. TYPE OF TRIANGLES A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted △ A B C A triangle has three sides and three angles The three angles always add to 180° There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal. There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles: Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside: AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10TH GRADE: Q1P1 CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES BY THE POSITION THEY KEEP BETWEEN EACH OTHER. NOTE: Congruent Angles Congruent Angles have the same angle (in degrees or radians). That is all. Notice that together they make a straight angle. But the angles don't have to be together. 3. Corresponding Angles When two parallels lines are crossed by another line (called the Transversal): The angles in matching corners are called Corresponding Angles and are equal. 1. Complementary Angles. Two angles are Complementary when they add up to 90 degrees (a Right Angle). These two angles (40° and 50°) are Complementary Angles, because they add up to 90°: Notice that together they make a right angle. But the angles don't have to be together. These two are complementary because 27° + 63° = 90° a=e b=f c=g d=h 4. Alternate Interior Angles When parallels lines are crossed by another line (called the Transversal): The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal but inside the parallels lines are called Alternate Interior Angles and are equal. 2. Supplementary Angles Two Angles are Supplementary when they add up to 180 degrees. These two angles (140° and 40°) are Supplementary Angles, because they add up to 180°: c=f d=e 5. Alternate Exterior Angles. When parallel lines are crossed by another line (called the Transversal): The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal but outside the parallel lines are called Alternate Exterior Angles and are equal. AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10TH GRADE: Q1P2 Materials: A4 white cardboard, 2h pencil, compass, ruler, set squares. PERPENDICULARS Lines that are at right angles (90°) to each other. 1. Perpendicular passing through the middle of the segment AB. a=h b=g 6. Vertically Opposite Angles Vertically Opposite Angles are the angles opposite each other when two lines cross. NOTE: "Vertical" in this case means they share the same Vertex (or corner point), not the usual meaning of up-down. a) Draw the segment AB b) With the compass center at A and with a larger opening than half of the segment AB draw two arcs, above and below the segment AB. In this example, a° and b° are vertically opposite angles. The interesting thing here is that vertically opposite angles are equal: a° = b° c° = d° (in fact they are congruent angles) c) With the same opening on the compass center at B, cut the previous arcs to obtain the points 1 and 2 d) Join the points 1 and 2, and we find the perpendicular. NOTE: This procedure is also called perpendicular bisector Definition: A line which cuts a line segment into two equal parts at 90°. 2. Perpendicular passing through a point c, on the AB segment 3. Perpendicular passing through a point C, outside the AB segment. a) Draw the segment AB. Place the point C on the segment AB. b) With the compass make center in C and with any opening cut with two arcs the segment AB and we place points 1 and 2. c) Center in point 1, with an opening greater that the distance between 1 and 2, draw an arc above the segment AB d) With the same opening repeat the same process now from point 2 and cut the previous arc and locate point 3. e) Connect with a straight line the point C and 3, and find the perpendicular. a) Draw AB segment and place the C point anywhere outside the AB segment. b) Center at C, draw an arc that cut the AB segment. c) Mark point 1 and 2 at the intersections of AB segment and the arc drawn. d) Center at 1, and with any opening draw an arc below AB segment. Repeat from point 2 and mark point 3 at the crossing of the arcs. e) Draw a line from C to point 3. 4. Perpendicular passing at the endpoint of AB segment. a) Draw AB segment b) Center at B, draw a semicircumference that cross AB, mark point 1. c) With the same opening center at 1, and cut the semicircumference, mark 2, then repeat from 2 and find point 3. d) With the same opening and center at 2, draw and arc above the semicircumference, repeat from 3 and cross the two arcs, mark point 4. e) Draw a line from B to point 4. AESTHETIC EDUCATION 10TH GRADE: Q1P2 Materials: A4 white cardboard, 2h pencil, compass, ruler, set squares. PARALLELS Lines are parallel if they are always the same distance apart (called "equidistant"), and will never meet. (They also point in the same direction). Just remember: Always the same distance apart and never touching. 5. Perpendicular passing at the endpoint of AB segment using a C point outside the segment. 1. Parallel passing through a point c, outside the AB segment. a) Draw AB segment and place point C anywhere outside AB. b) Center at C and draw a large arc which cuts AB segment, place point 1. c) With the same opening center at 1 and draw a large arc that cut AB and pass through C, place point 2. a) Draw AB segment, place the point C anywhere outside AB near the endpoint of the segment. b) Center at C and draw a semicircumference that pass through B, mark point 1. c) Draw a line from 1 to C and extend until it cut the semicircumference, mark point 2 d) Draw a line from B to point 2 d) Center at 2 and set the width of the compass to the distance from 2 to C. e) Center at 1 and draw an arc that cut the large arc, mark point 3. f) Draw a line from 3 to C. 2. Parallel from a C point place on the AB segment. 4. Parallel from a given line that pass through a given point. a) Draw AB segment and place point C. b) Center at C and with any opening draw a semicircumference that cut AB, place point 1 & 2. c) Center at 1 and with an opening from 1 to 2 draw an arc, then repeat from 2 and cut the arc, place point 3 and 4. d) Draw a line from 3 to 4 and extend. a) Draw AB segment, place point C on the segment and a point D outside it. b) Draw a line from C to D and extend it. 3. Parallel from AB segment with a known X distance and 2 points on it. c) Center at C and with any opening draw an arc which cuts AB segment and the given line CD, mark point 1 and 2. d) Retain the width of the compass, center at D and draw an arc a similar arc that cut CD, place point 3. e) Set the width of the compass to the distance from 1 to 2. f) Center at 3 and draw an arc that cut the previously drawn arc, place point 4. g) Draw a long line that passes by points D and 4. a) Draw AB segment and place point 1 and 2 on the segment. b) Draw a line segment with X distance of 2.8 cm c) Set the width of the compass to the X distance, place the metal point on one end and the graphite on the other end of the X segment. d) Center at 1 and draw an arc above AB segment, repeat from point 2. e) Draw a line that pass on top the two arcs drawn.