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BIODIVERSITY I BIOL 1051 TAXONOMY Professor Marc C. Lavoie [email protected] Definitions • Taxonomy: Science of biological classification. – Classification: • Natural: mutual similarities • Phylogenetic: evolutive relationship. – Nomenclature: • attribution of names to taxonomic groups in accordance with the published rules. – Identification: • Practical aspect of taxonomy. Process by which it is determined that a particular isolate belongs to a known taxon. Main taxonomic ranks Empire Kingdom Eukaryota Protozoa Phylum Class Order Ciliophora Basidiomycota Nassophorae Hymenomycetes Peniculada Agaricales Family Eukaryota Mycota Amanitaceae Eukaryota Plantae Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae Volvocales Chlamydomonadaceae Genus Paramecium Amanita Chlamydomonas Species Paramecium Amanita virosa aurelia Chlamydomonas eugametos Main taxonomic ranks • ARCHEA • BACTERIA • EUKARYA • GENUS • SPECIES Criteria for the classification of organisms • • • • • • Morphological Physiological Metabolic Ecological Genetic* Molecular* Main organisms classification systems • • • • • Two Kingdoms System Five Kingdoms System Six Kingdoms Systems Eight Kingdoms System Universal Phylogenetic Tree (The Tree of LIFE) Two Kingdoms System Animalia Plantae Five Kingdoms System • CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA • Mode of Nutrition • Metabolism • Mode of Reproduction • Type of Motility • Forms Six Kingdoms System • Monera or Prokaryota are divided into two kingdoms: • Eubacteria • Archaea Eight Kingdoms System • Two Empires and eight Kingdoms. • Empire Bacteria: Eubacteria & Archaea. • Empire Eukaryota: Six eukaryotic Kingdoms. Two new Kingdoms: • Archezoa: Unicellular eukaryotes (Giardia) ribosomes 70S, no Golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts or peroxysomes. • Chromista: photosynthetic, chloroplasts in the lumen of RER. (Diatoms, Brown algae, Cryptomonads & Oomycetes). RECENT CLASSIFICATION Universal phylogenetic tree • Bacteria: – prokaryotes, – membrane lipids : diesters of diacyl-glycerol, – rRNA :16S. • Archaea: – procaryotes, – membrane lipids : tetraethers of diglycerol or diethers of isoprenoid-glycerol, – rRNA: 16S. • Eukaryota: – eukaryote, – membrane lipids : diesters of acyl-glycerol, – rRNA: 18S. EUBACTERIA ARCHEA EUKARYA Classification based on the acquisition of organelles Patterson 1993 Cavalier-Smith, 2004 AMOEBOZOA OPISTOKONTA Tubulinae Flabellinea Stereomyxida Acanthamoebidae Entamoebida Mastigomoebida Pelomyxa Eumycetozoa Incertae sedis Spongomonadida Fungi Mesomycetozoa Choanomonada Metazoa RHIZARIA Cercozoa Haplosporidia Foraminifera Gromia Radiolaria ARCHAEPLASTIDA Glaucophyta Rhodophyceae Chloroplastida EUKARYOTA CHROMALVEOLATA EXCAVATA Incertae sedis Unikonts Bikonts Cryptophyceae Haptophyta Stramenopiles Alveolata Fornicata Malawimonas Parabasalia Preaxostyla Jakobida Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Ancyromonas Aposomonadidae Centrhelida Collodictyonidae Ebriacea Spironemidae Kathablepharidae Stephanopogon Adl et al 2005 Embley & Martin 2006 SIX CLUSTERS OF EUKARYOTES • • • • • • 1. AMOEBOZOA 2. OPISTOKONTA 3. RHIZARIA 4. ARCHAEPLASTIDA 5. CHROMALVEOLATA 6. EXCAVATA MICRO-ORGANISMS PROKARYOTES BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYOTES AMOEBOZOA OPISTOKONTA RHIZARIA ARCHAEPLASTIDA VIRUSES CHROMALVEOLATA EXCAVATA
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