Download Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

Foreign Affairs in
the Young Nation
Chapter 12
I. President Washington Creates
a Foreign Policy
A. Weakness
1. Army not replaced after Revolutionary War
2. Surrounded by threats
a) British controlled Canada, held forts in Ohio Valley
b) Spain controlled Florida, Louisiana
c) US had agreed to support France in war
B. His Policy
1. Neutrality – US would do nothing to aid Britain or
France
2. US could gain nothing by being involved in other
nations - isolationism
II. Problem 1: What Should President
Adams Do to Protect American Ships?
A.
Jay Treaty
1.
2.
3.
B.
France hoped Britain’s refusal to leave Ohio Valley would
lead to war between England and US
With treaty, Britain agreed to pull out
France saw treaty as betrayal and began attacking
American ships bound for Britain – seized 316 ships
XYZ Affair
1.
2.
3.
Adams sent 3 envoys to France to end attacks.
Met by 3 agents labeled X, Y, Z saying no peace talks until
receiving large sum of money
Congress voted to recruit army of 10,000 and build new
ships, authorized private vessels to launch undeclared war
on seas – captured 80+ French vessels
Jay’s Treaty
III. Solution: Adams Pursues Peace
A. Peace Mission
1. 1799 – Adams announced he was sending
peace mission to France
2. Napoleon, France’s new leader, was eager to
make peace with Britain and US
3. Ordered an end to seizure of American ships
and released captured sailors
4. Americans agreed not to ask France to help pay
for ships seized - government would pay ship
owners for lost property
5. Did cost Adams reelection
IV. Problem 2: How Should President
Jefferson Deal with Pirates?
A.
B.
C.
Peace Ends
1.
1803 – France and Britain again at war
2.
Both began seizing American ships
Impressment
1.
Britain kidnapped American sailors to serve in British navy
insisting they were British deserters
2.
1807 – Leopold (British ship) stopped Chesapeake (American
ship) to search for deserters
a) Captain refused
b) British opened fire killing/wounding 21 Americans
Piracy
1.
Barbary States of North Africa preyed on merchant ships
entering Mediterranean Sea, seizing ships and holding for
ransom
2.
Presidents Washington and Adams had both paid tribute in
exchange for safety of American ships ($2 million by time of
Jefferson)
3.
Ruler of Tripoli demanded more and declared war on US
V. Solution: Jefferson Solves Half the
Problem
A.
B.
War Against Barbary States
1.
1802 – Jefferson sent warships to Mediterranean to protect ships
2.
1804 – Americans ships bombarded Tripoli with cannons,
running one ashore
a) Crew captured and held for ransom
3.
Naval officer led raiding party into Tripoli and set ship afire
4.
Tripoli signed peace treaty with US agreeing to stop demand of
tribute. Americans paid $60,000 ransom for kidnapped crew
5.
1815 – American and European forces finally destroyed all pirate
bases
Embargo
1.
1803-1807 – Britain seized 1000+ American ships, France
seized 500+
2.
Jefferson proposed Embargo Act of 1807 – no foreign ships
could enter US ports and no American ships could leave except
to trade with other US ports
a) 55,000 sea men lost jobs
b) Congress repealed act in 1809
c) France and Britain continued to attack
VI. Problem 3: What Should President
Madison Do to Protect Sailors and Settlers?
A.
New Approach
1.
2.
Offered France and Britain a deal – they stop attacking,
US will stop trading with enemy
Napoleon agreed but continued seizing American ships
headed for British ports.
a)
b)
B.
Madison cut off trade with Britain
Britain continued seizing and capturing – Madison considers
war
Reasons for War
1.
2.
Impressment of American sailors
British stirring up trouble with Native Americans
VII. Solution: Madison Launches War
of 1812
A. Battles on Land and Sea
1. American forces continually turned back from
Canada
2. 1814
a) Napoleon defeated leaving British able to send 15,000
troops to Canada
b) British invaded Washington DC
1- burned capital and white house, causing President to flee
c) British attacked Baltimore port
1 – Francis Scott Key watched attack
2- Thrilled to sea American flag still standing in morning
VII. Solution: Madison Launches War
of 1812
B.
Battle of New Orleans
1.
2.
3.
2 days before British defeat in Baltimore, British also
defeated in New York
British launched another attack against New Orleans
General Andrew Jackson and 7,000 men (Africans,
pirates, Indians) defended New Orleans
a)
b)
C.
2,000 British killed, only 20 Americans
Battle was really unnecessary because peace treaty signed 2
weeks earlier in Europe
Results
1.
2.
3.
Indian resistance in Northwest weakened
National pride surged
Federalist party badly damaged by opposition to war
VIII. Problem 4: What Should President Monroe Do to
Support the New Latin American Nations?
A.
Latin America’s Revolutions
1.
Mexico – Hidalgo inspired revolution that lasted 10 years
a) 1821 – Mexico won independence from Spain
2.
3.
4.
B.
Venezuela – Bolivar launched revolution in North in 1810
Argentina – San Martin led revolution in South
1825 – last Spanish troops driven out
New Latin American Nations
1.
2.
British supported revolutions because Spain had not
allowed other nations to trade with its colonies
1823 – Britain asked US to join in sending message for
European leaders to leave Latin America alone
IX. Solution: US Issues the Monroe
Doctrine
A.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
1.
2.
B.
Response
1.
2.
C.
Nations of North and South America were “not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European powers”
US would view efforts by Europeans to take over “ any
portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and
safety”
Europeans found message arrogant
Americans proud to see US standing up for freedom
Effects on Foreign Policy
1.
2.
Joined isolationism as a basic principle in foreign policy
Asserted that US would not accept European interference
in American affairs
Monroe Doctrine