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Endocrine & Reproductive System Notes Endocrine System • Consists of the glands that release their products (hormones) into the bloodstream • These products deliver messages throughout the body • Hormones – chemicals released in one part of the body that affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body Endocrine System Types of Glands: 1. Pituitary – secretes 9 hormones that regulate many body functions 2. Pineal gland – controls daily sleep-wake cycles 3. Hypothalamus – controls secretions of the pituitary 4. Thyroid – regulates the body’s metabolism Endocrine System Types of Glands: 5. Parathyroid – works with thyroid to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in blood 6. Adrenal – releases hormones that help the body prepare for and deal with stress 7. Pancreas – helps maintain blood sugar levels 8. Reproductive Glands – produce sex hormones; ovaries in females; testes in males Endocrine System Picture Reproductive System • Reproduction is the formation of new individuals • The reproductive system produces, stores and releases specialized sex cells known as gametes • Puberty – period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional; hormones are released to start this process Male Reproductive System • Consists of testes, urethra and penis for males • Main function is to produce and deliver sperm • Sperm cells are made from the process of meiosis, which means they are haploid – contains only a single set of chromosomes Female Reproductive System • Consists of ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina for females • Main function is to produce ova (eggs), which are haploid, meaning they contain only one set of chromosomes • Females have another responsibility the uterus nurtures and protects the developing embryo (organism in the early stages of development) Fertilization • Fertilization – the process of a sperm joining an egg • After the 2 haploid nuclei (one from the sperm & one from the egg) fuse, a single diploid nucleus is formed • The fertilized egg produced is called a zygote Picture of Zygote Formation 23 + 23 = 46