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Genie Assessment Questions: • Explain the statement “Genie is living proof of human resiliency” • Although much of Genie’s behavior was that of a wild animal, “Genie was decidedly human.” What are some indications of her humanity? • What do you think was the main cause of her abnormal language development? Do you believe in the “critical period hypothesis”? Why or why not? • What impacted you most about Genie’s story? • Write about one of your fondest childhood memories. Why do you remember it so well? • Write about one of your least favorite childhood memories. Do you think it still impacts you today? Warm up: What do you think is the most crucial influence of child development? Why or why not? Development begins long before an infant is born Maternal nutrition Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, neurological problems, and psychopathology Maternal drug use Tobacco, alcohol, illicit & prescription drugs Fetal alcohol syndrome, low birth weight, premature birth, developmental deficits, etc. Malnutrition: global or regional problem? United States: • There are over 13 million children in the United States living in families with incomes below the poverty level • Of these, approximately 10% have clinical malnutrition • US Aid http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=JnDWZaSSVQI http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=PJPlrwLNJN4&feature=rela ted Maternal Drug Use http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=VWPl ZSL9ZMc http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=WULs0NZP-6M Maternal illness Syphilis, mumps, genital herpes, AIDS, severe influenza, diabetes can be transmitted or affect childbirth Prenatal health care essential Prevention through guidance Infant mortality by countries http://chartsbin.com/view/1353 Physical and Language Development Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology • Study changes that occur as one matures http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRECeuD O06g 1. Continuity vs. stages of development 2. Stability vs. change 3. Nature vs. nurture – is behavior a result of heredity & genetics or experience & learning? Infants weigh an average of 7.3 pounds at birth The transformation into a child who can walk, talk, feed himself is a result of maturation & learning Maturation – internally programmed growth No amount of coaching will push a child to walk or speak before physiologically ready Create the approximate timetable for physical and motor development • Create the approximate timetable for physical and motor development p. 64 Maturation plan inside each child is unique Can animals use language? Chimps use words as symbols but don’t apply grammatical rules There are several steps in learning language – making signs, learning signs’ meanings, making sounds, learning grammar •Children imitate speech of family, learning to speak their native language •By 2 yrs, have a vocabulary of 500 to 1500 words •Use telegraphic language – verbal utterances in which words are left out, but meaning is usually clear •Create the average development of language chart p. 68 •The case of Genie case study p. 69 Average Development of Language 1 yr Babbling. By year’s end, masters sounds of own language & usually says 1st word. 2 yrs Progress to dozens of words. Begins to speak in paired words. Questions in a rising tone. Negations use noun w/ a negative word. More grammatical knowledge. Appropriate sentences. Simple declaratives. Correct negative sentences. Vocabulary of over 5000 words. 3 yrs 4 yrs Uses more grammatical rules & future tenses. Asks questions in adult form. Vocabulary of over 9000 words. 5 yrs Uses more complex clauses. Joins 2 or more ideas in 1 sentence. Has problems w/ noun/verb agreement. Cognitive and emotional development Section 2 • Children’s knowledge of the world changes through processes of assimilation and accommodation • As thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate, relate to others and solve problems • Emotional development usually begins with an infant’s attachment to specific people (like a mother) Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Discovered knowledge builds as children grow Children develop logic & think differently at different ages Challenged behaviorists’ view that environment determines behavior Stressed child’s active role in gaining knowledge Regarded as greatest 20th century child psychologist http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRF27F 2bn-A&feature=related Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Simple motor responses to sensory stimuli. Birth – 2 yrs Involves body & sensations. Preoperational Lacks operations. Exhibits egocentric thinking. Uses symbols to solve simple problems or to talk 2 – 7 yrs about things that aren’t present. Concrete Operations (7 – 11 yrs) Formal Operations 11 yrs – up Still has trouble w/ abstract ideas. Classification abilities improve. Understanding limited to concrete objects or problems. Understands abstract ideas & hypothetical situations. Capable of logical & deductive reasoning. Authoritarian – “Limits without freedom” Parents’ word is law, have absolute control Misconduct is punished Affection & praise rarely given Children punished for not meeting standards Unquestioned obedience valued Tell children what to do, how to do it & when to do it Outcomes? Permissive/Laissez Faire – “Freedom without limits” Children have the final say Rarely punish Impatience is hidden Discipline is lax Children allowed to do their own thing Little respect for order & routine Parents make few demands on children Outcomes? Democratic/ Authoritative – “Freedom within limits” Children participate in decisions affecting them Lots of discussion & negotiation Stress freedom w/ rights of others & responsibilities of all Parents set limits, explain rules & expectations Respect children’s interest, opinions, unique personalities Loving, consistent, demanding Outcomes? • A 4th style has emerged: Uninvolved parents –Typically egocentric –Seem uncommitted to roles as parents –Quite distant from their children Warm-up: What parenting style do you think correlates with the most “successful” parents? Why? Parenting Styles Authoritarian – “Limits without freedom” Parents’ word is law, have absolute control Misconduct is punished Affection & praise rarely given Children punished for not meeting standards Unquestioned obedience valued Tell children what to do, how to do it & when to do it Permissive/Laissez Faire – “Freedom without limits” Children have the final say Rarely punish Impatience is hidden Discipline is lax Children allowed to do their own thing Little respect for order & routine Parents make few demands on children Democratic/Authoritative – “Freedom within limits” Children participate in decisions affecting them Lots of discussion & negotiation Stress freedom w/ rights of others & responsibilities of all Parents set limits, explain rules & expectations Respect children’s interest, opinions, unique personalities Loving, consistent, demanding • A 4th style has emerged: Uninvolved parents –Typically egocentric –Seem uncommitted to roles as parents –Quite distant from their children Parenting styles activity Split up into 3 groups of 5 Includes physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment or mistreatment of children under 18 by adults entrusted w/ their care Results from a variety of causes: Parents who were abused as children Overburdened & stressed parents Children w/ mental or physical disadvantages Unemployment, lack of contact w/ family, friends Video examplesbecause videos are back!! What are some possible effects of child abuse on the child? Rob children of their childhoods Create a loss of trust & feelings of guilt Antisocial behavior, depression, identity confusion, loss of self-esteem & other emotional problems Education, resources & support systems are the keys to preventing child abuse Child abuse facts & statistics • Men are more likely to commit sexual abuse • Children usually know the abuser (likely someone they trust) • Median age of abused children is between 9 & 10 • Children rarely lie about sexual abuse • Abuser’s repeat their behavior, often with more than 1 child % who suffered sexual abuse as children • Teen prostitutes: 95% • Serial rapists: 76% • Sex offenders: 40% • Juvenile delinquents: 33% • Women in prison: 31% Common changes in behavior of victims of sexual abuse: • • • • • • • • • Nightmares Bed-wetting Fear of strangers Fear of being left alone School problems Unexplained genital or anal pain Urinary tract infections Acting out sexually rage Examples of child abuse in the mass media: • Casey Anthony? • Amber from Teen Moms? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMfeTfFI sy8 • Socialization – learning the rules of behavior of the culture one is born into & will live in • Children must learn what is considered acceptable & unacceptable behavior • Children must acquire identities as members of a family, a social category & a society • Children must learn to live with other people & with themselves • Believed all children are born with powerful sexual & aggressive urges • Acquire senses of right & wrong in learning to control those impulses • P. 82 Figure 3.13 • Define identification & sublimation • Studied life periods in which one’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs • Development is a lifelong interactive process between people • Children develop depending on how other people respond to their efforts in facing the many crises they face in life • P. 84 Figure 3.14 • Stressed the importance of being able to see other people’s points of view in social & moral development • Studied how children determine right & wrong by presenting them with series of moral dilemmas • P. 85 Six Stages