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An Age of Empires: Rome pt. 1 753 B.C.E-600 C.E. Unit 2-2 Rome’s Mediterranean Empire • Central location was an advantage. Why? A Republic of Farmers 753 B.C.E.-31 B.C.E. • Romulus founded city of Rome; occupied as early as 1000 B.C.E. – Latin – Several hilltop communities • Population from Etruscan immigrants; housing exiles and outcasts. • Agriculture was basis of wealth. Result: – Early Romans were self sufficient farmers – “Council of Elders”=senate Status of Women As a child Dependent on male guardian Compare to Greek women • Religion was diverse – Mostly polytheists; No state religion until 4th century. • “Cult of Isis” Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean • Why did expansion of the Republic increase? – Structure of state led to more war • Landowners subject battle • Roman v. Greek citizenship • War with Carthaginians 264 B.C.E.-202 B.C.E. – Result: • War Hellenistic kingdoms in eastern Mediterranean 200 B.C.E.- 146 B.C.E. • Conquest of Celtic peoples of Gaul 59 B.C.E.-51 B.C.E. – Gaius Julius Caesar – First territorial acquisition in Europe’s heartland Roman Empire • Conquered people were given autonomy • Dispatched governor – Collected taxes – Defended province – Proved inadequate. Why? The Failure of the Republic Peasant farmers Lost land. How? Farmers replaced by latifundia Slave labor pushed out peasants Poverty and idleness Lack of military service The Roman Principate 31 B.C.E.330 B.C.E. Augustus/Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) eliminated his rivals and maintained forms of the Republic. Princeps Roman Principate Added Egypt, Middle East, and Central Europe Equites Emperors chosen by the armies Adoption Used his power discretely PraetorsEmperor became a major source of laws • Pax romana– Other goods were exported • Romanization – Granted Roman citizenship • Reward for good service The Rise of Christianity • Jewish homeland of Judea, was under Roman control. – Increased tensions by Rome • Jesus (views) – Rabbi opposed with politics and greed, prescribed return to personal faith and spirituality. – Apocalyptic fervor, prophet – Turned over to Roman authorities,( Pontus Pilate) then crucified. • Paul – Claimed to have received a message from Jesus. He redirected his efforts, and set up Christian communities in eastern Mediterranean. • Roman Judaea revolt – Left field open for Paul’s conversion of nonJewish converts. • He began to diverge from Jewish teachings • Theological doctrine; disenfranchised groups. Why? – It grew because of thirst for spiritual hunger not satisfied by traditional pagan practices. Technology and Transformation – Advance in travel allowed Christianity to spread quickly. – Roads, engineering, aqueducts, arches, concerete • “third-century crisis” – Frequent change in rulers • Invaders took advantage – Expensive defense – Fall of municipal aristocracy • Personal liability • Decline in trade • What were Diocletian reforms in 284? • Constantine 306-337 – Saw cross in dream – Edict of Milan – Unity – Convert for political advantage – “City of Constantinople” Byzantines and Germans 325 Nicaea council Resolve disputes over doctrine Julian Theodosius Gaul, Rome, Spain, Britain, N. Africa fell to Germanic rulers. Noble families competed for title of Pope Evolution of Latin