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7-1 Chapter Seven Sexuality McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 7-2 Sexuality Prior to 20th century, love and sex were considered separate from marriage During 20th century, separation of erotic love and marriage evaporated McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Emergence of Sexual Identity Sexual identity = a set of sexual practices and attitudes leading to the formation in a person’s mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual helps us to define who we are Until late 19th century, sexual terms only referred to socially approved sex (within marriage to procreate) or socially disapproved (all other acts). McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-3 Emergence of Sexual Identity Key to understanding changing relationship among sex, love, and marriage in the last hundred years McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-4 7-5 Colonial Era to 1890: Spiritual Love and Sexual Restraint Sex and romance inappropriate reasons for choosing a spouse Sex was only allowed within marriage in moderation, only for the purpose of having children Massachusetts Bay Colony forbade (death penalty) adultery, rape, sodomy McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-6 Colonial Era to 1890 1750 young adults began to play a greater role in choosing spouse Chose on the basis of affection and mutual respect Sex for pleasure within marriage began to be acceptable McGraw-Hill Still must exercise restraint fears that it could cause insanity or loss of vision © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-7 Colonial Era to 1890 19th century wage labor separated husbands from household Women were seen as spiritual and should limit sexual passions of her husband Focus was on marital love as spiritual, not carnal at all Women were denied sexual feelings McGraw-Hill Denial also used as a basis for sexual repression during the Victorian Era © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-8 1890-1960: Connecting Romantic Love and Marriage Standard of living increased people were more free to focus on quality of their emotional lives Industrialization and urbanization smaller families to focus on Fewer children left home sooner; couples could concentrate on their personal lives Resulted in the rise of the private family McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-9 1890-1960: Connecting Romantic Love and Marriage Marriage seen as a means of selffulfillment through romantic love and sexual gratification Husband and wives should McGraw-Hill Be companions See to each other’s needs, including sexual Indicators of the health of a marriage 1920s: Women’s sexual needs were acknowledged and displayed (cosmetic sales, clothing changes) © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-10 1890-1960: Connecting Romantic Love and Marriage Passionate love (flame) Sexually charged attraction at the beginning of many love relationships Companionate love (glowing embers) McGraw-Hill Affection and partnership felt in love relationship of long duration © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Gender Differences in Romantic Love 7-11 Gender differences: Women use romantic love and practical criteria to choose spouse Men use romantic love and physical attractiveness McGraw-Hill Reproductive strategy valuing support and commitment in men Reproductive strategy valuing evidence of age and attractiveness = bearing children © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-12 1960 to Present Double standard men guarded sexual access to their wives - women punished more harshly for premarital and extramarital sex Idea of sex for pleasure outside of marriage spread Extramarital sex Restriction for keeping sex in marriage exclusively weakened Changes for women more dramatic changes in the double standard McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-13 Nonmarital Sexual Activity Decline of Double Standard McGraw-Hill Women reported more frequent sex before marriage Men’s report did not change much © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-14 McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Marital and Extramarital Sex Sexual monogamy is still the rule Sexual gratification in marriage is encouraged and supported 7-15 Sex for pleasure became legitimate goal Contraception available separates sex as reproduction from sex as pleasure McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-16 Overview of Sexuality and Marriage Positive value given to sexual expression has continued and increased Cultural changes reflected in this: Increased economic independence of women Postponement of marriage without postponing sex McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-17 Overview of Sexuality and Marriage Men and women could have sex without making a commitment Cohabitation, marriage, and singlehood all recognized as OK McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Childbearing Outside of Marriage Consequence of cultural changes Sexual intercourse outside marriage increased Early marriage decreased Set the stage for having children outside marriage McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-18 7-19 McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-20 Adolescent Sexuality and Pregnancy Trends Adolescent sexual activity much more common than in mid-20th century Greatest increase occurred in 1970s and 1980s A modest decline occurred in early 1990s Particularly with boys Condom use increased McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Adolescent Sexuality and Pregnancy 7-21 Boys and girls sexually active at about same level Increase greater for middle class and whites Sexual activity among youth is still more common for African Americans The poor Led to greater proportion of teenage pregnancies and births outside marriage McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-22 McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved The Teenage Pregnancy “Problem” 10% of females 15-19 years of age become pregnant each year 7-23 One-third of these pregnancies end in abortion This is lower than 10 or 20 years ago Increased at the end of the 1980s, then declined to all-time low in 90s Probability of teenager giving birth lower than in the last half-century McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved The Teenage Pregnancy “Problem” 7-24 Then what is the “Problem”? Fewer teenagers marrying than are giving birth Black youth are more sexually active McGraw-Hill Nearly all births of black teenagers (96%) occurred outside marriage Among whites and Hispanics the figure was 73% of births outside marriage © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-25 Declining Rate, Rising Ratio Nonmarital birth ratio has risen Nonmarital birth ratio = proportion of all births outside marriage Teenage births outside marriage have led to increase in ratio McGraw-Hill Ratio has increased sharply for teens, even though birthrate has declined © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Alternative Life-Course Strategy? 7-26 Giving birth is seen as an alternative strategy for entering adulthood in low-income neighborhoods McGraw-Hill Studies of young, low-income African Americans © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Alternative Life-Course Strategy? 7-27 Grandmothers, who were themselves young mothers, raise grandchildren as did their own mothers Biological mother is not yet a parent Transition to adulthood does not occur until a woman becomes a biological grandmother Community accepts this is as normal McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-28 Consequences for Teenage Mothers Complete fewer years of education Have lower-paying jobs More likely to depend on public assistance Less likely to have stable marriages McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-29 Consequences for Teenage Mothers Selection effect = principle that whenever individuals sort or “select” themselves into groups, some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals. McGraw-Hill Teenage mothers have come from lessfortunate families © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-30 Consequences for Teenage Mothers Characteristics of teenage mothers: Disadvantaged in income, education and employment Some disadvantages due to other factors, such as being raised in lowincome families Great variation in how their lives turn out McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-31 History of Gay and Lesbian Sexuality Creation of a gay and lesbian subculture Historically, identity was not focused on one way or the other In late 1800s an anti-homosexuality campaign was begun Medical literature described homosexual people as psychologically ill Considered an unnatural condition Heterosexuality = normal or “healthy” McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-32 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality Medical model stigmatized homosexuals and served as the basis for prejudice and discrimination until 1973 Early 20th century: Some gay and lesbian people able to establish underground sexual subculture- it was anonymous, small, and marginal AMA removed homosexuality from the list of mental disorders in 1973 McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-33 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality Kinsey report published in 1948 shocked the U.S. 50% of men surveyed acknowledged their erotic feelings toward other men 1/3 had had one experience with another man 12% had sexual experiences predominantly with men for more than 3 years 4% had exclusively homosexual relations with other men Concluded perhaps as many as 10% men were more or less exclusively homosexual for at least 3 years McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-34 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality Other surveys didn’t match Kinsey results University of Chicago survey– Large random sample of U.S. adults Less than 3% men and 2% women considered themselves homosexual or bisexual McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-35 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality Gay Political Movement Term “gay” originated in late 1960s Protest of the Stonewall riot (police raid of NYC gay bar) Military—Don’t ask, don’t tell policy 50% of states still have laws against consensual sex between same-sex partners Fight to legalize marriage McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Origins of Sexual Orientation 7-36 Lifestyle choice vs. Biological causes Substantial support for biological component study of identical and fraternal twins, brothers Biological studies are controversial political implications No justification for restricting rights if it’s not a choice McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-37 AIDS Epidemic and Sexuality AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV = Human Immune Deficiency Virus McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-38 Sexual Behavior and AIDS 725,000 cases by end of 1999 425,000 deaths Equal to number of Americans who died in both World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam Highest number of deaths among non-Hispanic white males, until 1995 Rise in non-Hispanic blacks today McGraw-Hill Transmission mainly through gay male sex Reflects increase in cases due to intravenous drug use © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-39 AIDS and Sexuality Led to changes in: Sexual identities Attitudes towards sex Sexual practices Safe sex has become important Open discussion Contraception use encouraged Homosexual sex is now more understood McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved