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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine External Anatomy Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Adult insects develop as a composite of fused segments with specific body part associations United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine The first body region is the head. Insect heads can be highly variable, but most possess eyes, antennae and mouthparts. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Antennae are used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Two Examples of Mouthparts chewing piercing/sucking Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine The middle body region is called the thorax and is composed of three fused segments. All legs and wings are located on the thorax. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Legs Like the mouthparts and antennae, insect legs are quite variable in form and function and reflect the insect's lifestyle. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine The last body region is called the abdomen. It is composed of many segments connected by flexible sections allowing it great movement. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Insects possess an exterior covering called the exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones. This segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and can be very hard in some insects. It is often covered with a waxy layer and may have "hairs" called setae. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Internal Anatomy Inside the insect we find the systems for respiration, circulation, nerves, and digestion, but there is little resemblance to the same systems found in mammals. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Digestive System foregut midgut hindgut Digestive sys The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey bee, the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be regurgitated later. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Circulatory System aortic pumps Circ system The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect circulatory system is a simple tube down the back which is open at both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Nervous System two lobed brain Nervous system nerve bundles (ganglia) Insects have a less centralized nervous system than humans. The nerve chord runs along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect. The brain is divided into two main parts. The largest lobes control important areas such as the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. Other major concentrations of nerve bundles called ganglia occur along the nerve chord and usually control those body functions closest to it. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine The respiratory system is composed of air sacs and tubes called tracheae. Air enters the tubes through a series of openings called spiracles found along the sides of the body. The largest spiracles are usually found on the thorax where greater musculature from wings and legs require more oxygen. There are no spiracles on the head. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Life Cycles The many diverse orders of insects have three different types of life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Without Metamorphosis Without meta The first type is "without" metamorphosis (or ametabolous) which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Incomplete Metamorphosis Example (Or Hemimetabolous) egg Egg Stage 1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar Nymphal Stage 4th instar 5th instar adult Adult Stage United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Incomplete Metamorphosis Example egg Egg Stage 1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar 4th instar Nymphal Stage 5th instar shortwing adult normal wing adult Adult Stage United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Complete Life Cycle Example (Or Holometabolous) egg Egg Stage 1st instar 2nd instar Larval Stage 3rd instar pupa Pupal Stage adult Adult Stage United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Complete Life Cycle Example egg Egg Stage 1st instar 2nd instar Larval Stage 3rd instar pupa Pupal Stage adult Adult Stage United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Orders of Insects (no metamorphosis) • Some consider these groups insect-like and place in different class or subclass. • Adults do not have wings and may molt after becoming mature • Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats • Collembola - springtails United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Collembola (springtails) no wings as adults, caudal appendage designed for jumping (furcula & colliphore); adults may molt United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Thysanura (silverfish, firebrats) no wings as adults, 2-3 caudal appendages (two cerci and sometimes central telson); adults may continue to molt United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Orders of Insects (simple metamorphosis) • Ephemeroptera - mayflies, shadflies • Odonata - dragonflies, damselflies • Phasmatodea – walking sticks • Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets • Mantodea – praying mantis • Blattodea - cockroaches • Dermaptera – earwigs • Plecoptera - stoneflies • Isoptera - termites United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Ephemeroptera (Mayflies, shadflies, Canadian soldiers) front wings large, triangular, held over body at rest; hind wings small or absent; aquatic nymphs with abdominal gills; caudal appendages (2 or 3) long; chewing mouthparts often non-functional in adult United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) front and hind wings narrow with many cross veins, membranous; aquatic nymphs (naiads) predatory with caudal or rectal gills; antennae bristlelike, no abdominal cerci; chewing mouthparts United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Orthoptera (Crickets, Grasshoppers) front wings leathery, hind wings folded like a fan, chewing mouthparts, two cerci - usually short United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Mantodea (praying mantis) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Blattodea (cockroaches) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Dermaptera (earwigs) front wings short, leathery; hind wings double folded; abdominal cerci forceps-like; chewing mouthparts United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Plecoptera (stoneflies) front wings narrow; hind wings folded fanlike; aquatic nymphs (naiads) with abdominal gills; abdominal cerci straight, moderately long; chewing mouthparts United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Isoptera (termites) social insects, winged reproductives with both wings same size and membranous; straight or curved antennae consists of beadlike segments; abdomen broadly joined to thorax; no cerci; chewing mouthparts United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Orders of Insects (incomplete metamorphosis cont’d) • Hemiptera - true bugs & bug-like insects • Thysanoptera - thrips • Psocoptera - barklice, booklice • Phthiraptera - biting & sucking lice United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Hemiptera (s.o. Heteroptera) (true bugs; 23K spp.) front wings half leathery & half membranous; hind wings membranous; usually long antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from front of head United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Hemiptera (s.o. Auchenorrhyncha) (buglike insects: cicadas, leaf, plant & tree hoppers) front wings same texture throughout, leathery or membranous (wings often absent); long or bristlelike antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from back of head or between front legs United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Hemiptera (s.o. Sternorrhyncha) (buglike insects: psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs, & scales) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Thysanoptera (thrips) small; front and hind wings bladelike with hair fringe, often absent; mouthparts modified rasping sucking; antennae short United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Psocoptera (psocids, booklice, barklice) front wings with reduced venation; hind wings reduced or absent; wings often absent; distinctive frontal bulge on head; long antennae; chewing mouthparts; booklice are extremely flattened United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Phthiraptera (Mallophaga) (biting lice) very flat, small; no wings; chewing mouthparts; external parasites of birds and mammals Chicken biting louse United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Orders of Insects (complete metamorphosis) • Tricoptera - caddisflies • Neuroptera - dobsonfly, lacewings • Diptera - gnats, mosquitoes, flies • Lepidoptera - butterflies & moths • Siphonaptera - fleas • Coleoptera – beetles • Hymenoptera - sawflies , bees, wasps United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Trichoptera (caddisflies) mothlike adults but no scales on wings; front wings narrow, often covered with hairs. short, leathery; hind wings double folded; abdominal cerci forceps-like; chewing mouthparts United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Neuroptera (dobsonfly, lacewings, antlions) Green lacewing adult two pair wings with numerous veins, elongate larvae with elongate mandibles, larvae & adults usually predatory Eggs Larva Cocoon United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitoes) front wings membranous; hind wings reduced to small balance organ - haltere; mouthparts piercing-sucking or sponging sucking; larvae wireworm shaped or maggots with chewing or rasping mouthparts Mosquito Moth fly House fly United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitoes) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Lepidoptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (butterflies, moths, caterpillars) [front and hind wings generally covered with scales; adult mouthparts a sucking tube, larvae have chewing mouthparts and prolegs on abdomen] Red admiral butterfly Cranberry girdler moth Luna moth United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Lepidoptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (butterflies, moths, caterpillars) Hypopta agavis United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Siphonaptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (fleas) [wingless, extoparasitic adults; laterally compressed; jumping hind legs; larvae have chewing mouthparts and resemble midge larvae] Cat flea adult and larva United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Coleoptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (beetles & weevils) [front wings shelllike, usually covering abdomen; hind wings membranous, folded under forewings; antennae variable, but evident; chewing mouthparts; larvae variously shaped - elongate, grublike, etc.] Ground beetle Passalid beetle Ground beetle larva United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Coleoptera (beetles & weevils) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Coleoptera (beetles & weevils) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Hymemoptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (bees, wasps, sawflies) [front wings large, hind wings smaller, both membraneous; chewing mouthparts; some with stings - modified ovipositors; larvae caterpillar-like, sawflies; or maggot-like] Redheaded pine sawfly adult, larvae, & pupae United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Hymemoptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (bees, wasps, sawflies) Aphid wasp parasitizing aphid Yellowjacket wasp Ichneumonid wasp attacking wood-boring larva Acrobat ants United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Hymemoptera Plant Protection and Quarantine (bees, wasps, sawflies)