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United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
External Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs,
one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Adult insects develop as a
composite of fused
segments with specific body
part associations
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
The first body region is the head. Insect heads can be
highly variable, but most possess eyes, antennae and mouthparts.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Antennae are used by
insects as major sensory
devices, especially for
smell, and can be adaptive
for the insect in many
ways.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Two Examples of Mouthparts
chewing
piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the insect. Chewing,
biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature
insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
The middle body region is called the thorax and is
composed of three fused segments. All legs and wings
are located on the thorax.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Legs
Like the mouthparts and antennae, insect legs are
quite variable in form and function and reflect the
insect's lifestyle.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
The last body region is called the abdomen. It is composed of
many segments connected by flexible sections allowing it great
movement.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Insects possess an exterior covering called the
exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones. This
segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and
can be very hard in some insects. It is often covered
with a waxy layer and may have "hairs" called setae.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Internal Anatomy
Inside the insect we find the systems for respiration,
circulation, nerves, and digestion, but there is little
resemblance to the same systems found in mammals.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Digestive System
foregut
midgut
hindgut
Digestive sys
The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at
the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the
foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey bee,
the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be
regurgitated later.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Circulatory System
aortic pumps
Circ system
The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and
arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect
circulatory system is a simple tube down the back which is open at
both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of
the insect to the head.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Nervous System
two lobed brain
Nervous system
nerve bundles (ganglia)
Insects have a less centralized nervous system than humans. The nerve
chord runs along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect. The brain is
divided into two main parts. The largest lobes control important areas
such as the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. Other major concentrations
of nerve bundles called ganglia occur along the nerve chord and usually
control those body functions closest to it.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
The respiratory system is
composed of air sacs and
tubes called tracheae. Air
enters the tubes through a
series of openings called
spiracles found along the
sides of the body. The
largest spiracles are
usually found on the
thorax where greater
musculature from wings
and legs require more
oxygen. There are no
spiracles on the head.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Life Cycles
The many diverse orders of insects have three different
types of life cycles. These life cycles are called
"metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that
the insects undergo during development.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Without Metamorphosis
Without meta
The first type is "without" metamorphosis (or ametabolous) which the
wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails
(Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size.
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Incomplete Metamorphosis Example
(Or Hemimetabolous)
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
3rd
instar
Nymphal
Stage
4th
instar
5th
instar
adult
Adult
Stage
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Incomplete Metamorphosis Example
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
3rd
instar
4th
instar
Nymphal
Stage
5th
instar
shortwing
adult
normal wing
adult
Adult
Stage
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Complete Life Cycle Example
(Or Holometabolous)
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
Larval
Stage
3rd
instar
pupa
Pupal
Stage
adult
Adult
Stage
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Complete Life Cycle Example
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
Larval
Stage
3rd
instar
pupa
Pupal
Stage
adult
Adult
Stage
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Orders of Insects
(no metamorphosis)
• Some consider these groups
insect-like and place in different
class or subclass.
• Adults do not have wings and
may molt after becoming mature
• Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats
• Collembola - springtails
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Collembola
(springtails)
no wings as adults,
caudal appendage
designed for jumping
(furcula & colliphore);
adults may molt
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Thysanura
(silverfish, firebrats)
no wings as adults, 2-3
caudal appendages (two
cerci and sometimes central
telson); adults may continue
to molt
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Orders of Insects
(simple metamorphosis)
•
Ephemeroptera - mayflies, shadflies
•
Odonata - dragonflies, damselflies
•
Phasmatodea – walking sticks
•
Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets
•
Mantodea – praying mantis
•
Blattodea - cockroaches
•
Dermaptera – earwigs
•
Plecoptera - stoneflies
•
Isoptera - termites
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Ephemeroptera
(Mayflies, shadflies, Canadian soldiers)
front wings large, triangular, held over body
at rest; hind wings small or absent; aquatic
nymphs with abdominal gills; caudal
appendages (2 or 3) long; chewing
mouthparts often non-functional in adult
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Odonata
(dragonflies and damselflies)
front and hind wings narrow
with many cross veins,
membranous; aquatic nymphs
(naiads) predatory with caudal
or rectal gills; antennae
bristlelike, no abdominal cerci;
chewing mouthparts
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Phasmatodea
(Walking sticks)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Orthoptera
(Crickets, Grasshoppers)
front wings leathery, hind
wings folded like a fan,
chewing mouthparts, two
cerci - usually short
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Mantodea
(praying mantis)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Blattodea
(cockroaches)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Dermaptera
(earwigs)
front wings short, leathery; hind
wings double folded; abdominal
cerci forceps-like; chewing
mouthparts
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Plecoptera
(stoneflies)
front wings narrow; hind wings folded fanlike; aquatic
nymphs (naiads) with abdominal gills; abdominal cerci
straight, moderately long; chewing mouthparts
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Isoptera
(termites)
social insects, winged reproductives with both wings same
size and membranous; straight or curved antennae consists
of beadlike segments; abdomen broadly joined to thorax; no
cerci; chewing mouthparts
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Orders of Insects
(incomplete metamorphosis cont’d)
•
Hemiptera - true bugs & bug-like
insects
•
Thysanoptera - thrips
•
Psocoptera - barklice, booklice
•
Phthiraptera - biting & sucking lice
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Hemiptera (s.o. Heteroptera)
(true bugs; 23K spp.)
front wings half leathery & half membranous;
hind wings membranous; usually long
antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from
front of head
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Hemiptera (s.o. Auchenorrhyncha)
(buglike insects: cicadas, leaf, plant & tree hoppers)
front wings same texture throughout, leathery or membranous
(wings often absent); long or bristlelike antennae; sucking
mouthparts arise from back of head or between front legs
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Hemiptera (s.o. Sternorrhyncha)
(buglike insects: psyllids, whiteflies, aphids,
mealybugs, & scales)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Thysanoptera
(thrips)
small; front and hind wings bladelike with hair fringe,
often absent; mouthparts modified rasping sucking;
antennae short
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Psocoptera
(psocids, booklice, barklice)
front wings with reduced venation; hind wings
reduced or absent; wings often absent; distinctive
frontal bulge on head; long antennae; chewing
mouthparts; booklice are extremely flattened
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Phthiraptera (Mallophaga)
(biting lice)
very flat, small; no wings; chewing mouthparts;
external parasites of birds and mammals
Chicken biting louse
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Orders of Insects
(complete metamorphosis)
• Tricoptera - caddisflies
• Neuroptera - dobsonfly, lacewings
• Diptera - gnats, mosquitoes, flies
• Lepidoptera - butterflies & moths
• Siphonaptera - fleas
• Coleoptera – beetles
• Hymenoptera - sawflies , bees, wasps
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Trichoptera
(caddisflies)
mothlike adults but no scales on wings; front wings
narrow, often covered with hairs. short, leathery; hind
wings double folded; abdominal cerci forceps-like;
chewing mouthparts
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Neuroptera
(dobsonfly, lacewings, antlions)
Green
lacewing
adult
two pair wings with
numerous veins,
elongate larvae
with elongate
mandibles, larvae
& adults usually
predatory
Eggs
Larva
Cocoon
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Diptera
(flies, midges, mosquitoes)
front wings membranous; hind wings reduced to small
balance organ - haltere; mouthparts piercing-sucking
or sponging sucking; larvae wireworm shaped or
maggots with chewing or rasping mouthparts
Mosquito
Moth fly
House fly
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Diptera
(flies, midges, mosquitoes)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Lepidoptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(butterflies, moths, caterpillars)
[front and hind wings generally covered with scales;
adult mouthparts a sucking tube, larvae have chewing
mouthparts and prolegs on abdomen]
Red admiral butterfly
Cranberry
girdler moth
Luna moth
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Lepidoptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(butterflies, moths, caterpillars)
Hypopta agavis
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Siphonaptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(fleas)
[wingless, extoparasitic adults; laterally compressed;
jumping hind legs; larvae have chewing mouthparts
and resemble midge larvae]
Cat flea adult and larva
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Coleoptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(beetles & weevils)
[front wings shelllike, usually covering abdomen; hind
wings membranous, folded under forewings; antennae
variable, but evident; chewing mouthparts; larvae
variously shaped - elongate, grublike, etc.]
Ground beetle
Passalid beetle
Ground
beetle larva
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Coleoptera
(beetles & weevils)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Coleoptera
(beetles & weevils)
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Hymemoptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(bees, wasps, sawflies)
[front wings large, hind wings smaller, both membraneous;
chewing mouthparts; some with stings - modified
ovipositors; larvae caterpillar-like, sawflies; or maggot-like]
Redheaded pine sawfly
adult, larvae, & pupae
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Hymemoptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(bees, wasps, sawflies)
Aphid wasp
parasitizing
aphid
Yellowjacket wasp
Ichneumonid
wasp attacking
wood-boring
larva
Acrobat ants
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Hymemoptera
Plant Protection and Quarantine
(bees, wasps, sawflies)