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Download Chapter 6: The Duel For North America
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CHAPTER 6: THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA Jacqueline Atwood Carmina Concepcion Devarshi Patel Lauren Spor Garret Lemon Time Period: 1608-1763 Pages 106-121 FRANCE FINDS A FOOTHOLD IN CANADA Edict of Nantes: granted religious toleration and wars ceased France became mightiest and most feared nation Louis XIV sent Samuel de Champlain, a French navigator, to Quebec Quebec became one of their largest colonies The government of Quebec, or New France became autocratic Autocratic: having a ruler with unlimited power NEW FRANCE FANS OUT • • • French fur trappers in business with Natives in hunting the beaver – Natives died from disease, introduced to alcohol, and hunted against beliefs Jesuits attempted to convert Indians – To save them for Christ and from fur trappers Other explorers wanted land – Antoine Cadillac named Louisiana after King Louis XIV THE CLASH OF THE EMPIRES King William’s War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) Pitted French against British to gain control of North America Spain would eventually side with France British were able to seize the stronghold of Port Royal in Arcadia Peace terms signed at Utrecht in 1713 British rewarded with Arcadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay THE CLASH OF THE EMPIRES (CONT.) British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America friction started due to smuggling War of Jenkins’s Ear began in 1739 between British and Spanish Merged with larger war of the Austrian Succession France again allied with Spain New Englanders invaded New France and captured French fortress of Louisbourg 1748 peace treaty gave Louisbourg back to the French New Englanders outraged and France able to hold on to American territories GEORGE WASHINGTON INAUGURATES WAR WITH FRANCE Ohio wanted by both Britain and France For Britain: next critical area for colonies to settle For French: key to link their holdings in Canada to the Mississippi Valley 1749 British colonial spectators secured rights to 500,000 acres in the region French erected forts in the same region GEORGE WASHINGTON INAUGURATES WAR WITH FRANCE (CONT.) 1754 Washington sent as a lieutenant in command of 150 Virginian militiamen French retreated when leader was killed Returned with reinforcement Surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity on July 4, 1754 British feared stab in the back from French Arcadians Scattered 4,000 to as far as Louisiana GLOBAL WAR The Seven Years’ War = The French and Indian War Places fought: America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, and the Ocean Bloodiest in Germany Frederick the Great – outnumbered 3:1 but still repelled the enemies Americans – general lack of unity BENJAMIN FRANKLINS’ CARTOON: “JOIN, OR DIE.” COLONIAL DISUNITY Albany Congress of 1754: Would keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British Achieve greater colonial unity & bolster the common defense against France Franklin’s Home Rule Colonists’ PoV: Did not give colonies enough independence British officials’ PoV: Too much independence BRADDOCK’S BLUNDERING AND ITS AFTERMATH General Braddock (British) was sent to capture Fort Duquesne. Braddock’s army was defeated by a small French and Indian army Easy Indian victory --> a wider warpath for Indians AND Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open and vulnerable 1756 – The British Invasion of Canada Attacked many exposed posts simultaneously VS. focusing on crucial posts Led to many defeats and it tarnished their arms PITT’S PALMS OF VICTORY William Pitt became foremost leader in London government 1758 Pitt captured Louisburg “Great Commander” First significant victory for Britain 1759 Battle of Quebec Pitt chose James Wolfe Significant victory for Americans & British PITT’S PALMS OF VICTORY (CONT.) • • Two armies faced one another on the Plains of Abraham • French under Marquis de Montcalm • Montreal fell in 1760 Treaty of Paris in 1763 • French power thrown completely off North America • Great Britain emerged as dominant power in North America THE FRENCH King Louis XIV dreamed of a French empire in North America Dream ended due to losses in 1713 and1763 Arcadians were first French rooted out of their homes and mostly toward Louisiana British demanded their leaving or allegiance Roman Catholic, raised sugarcane and sweet potatoes, spoke French dialect THE FRENCH (CONT.) Quebec is strongest testament of France in North America French language is on road signs, in classrooms, courts, and markets After French and Indian War (1763), Quebec citizens emigrated to New England Hoped to return to Canada English spoken by Cajuns and French Canadians RESTLESS COLONISTS British colonists were confident after their victories. However, shattered British invincibility, due to Braddock’s loss Friction emerged between British and colonists British wouldn't recognize any American above the rank of captain. Americans thought of themselves as equals to British. RESTLESS COLONISTS (CONT.) British distrusted Americans because some traded with enemy ports Britain forbid New England exports. Many Americans only fought for British after Pitt’s reimbursement of £900,000 Due to differences, inter-colonial disunity continued After war, many began to bond over similarities WAR’S FATEFUL AFTERMATH American colonists had freedom, without worry of France Britain now owned Florida, and Spain was out The Indians recognized their weakened position. Ottawa chief Pontiac led a violent uprising in the Ohio valley which failed due to British ruthlessness opened the trans-Appalachians to the English Daniel Boone led settlers into Tennessee and Kentucky WAR’S FATEFUL AFTERMATH (CONT.) London suddenly issued the Proclamation Line of 1763. This line was the Appalachian Mountains. whites were not permitted to cross and settle west of the Appalachian Mountains; that was Indian land. Purpose was to resolve “Indian issue”, not to anger colonists 1765: 1,000 wagons left Salisbury, NC to head "up west” British becoming annoyed at the Americans TIMELINE 1598 Edict of Nantes 1608 Champlain colonized Quebec for France 1643 Louis XIV becomes King of France 1682 La Salle explores Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico 1689 - 1697 King William’s War 1702 - 1713 Queen Anne’s War 1718 French found New Orleans 1739 War of Jenkins’s Ear 1754 Washington battles French on Frontier Albany Congress 1754 – 1763 Seven Years War (French and Indian War) 1755 Braddock’s defeat 1757 Pitt emerges as leader of GB government 1759 Battle of Quebec 1763 Peace of Paris Pontiac’s uprising proclamation of 1763
