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SOCI 1010 Day #8 January 5, 2012 • Hypothesis 1 Understanding of the changes in the seasons will lead to increased yield in crops planted by citizens of Chaco Canyon. – IV = Understanding changes in the seasons – DV = yield in crops • Hypothesis 2 Several years of unpredictable weather will lead to unrest in primitive communities. – IV = unpredictable weather patterns – DV = unrest in primitive communities Agenda • • • • Attendance Conclude Film Discuss Chaco Canyon; Sun Dagger Culture Chaco Canyon • Finish Film: Chaco Legacy • View the accomplishments of their culture • Think about the things the had to use (material culture) • Think about the things they did not have • Imagine their cognitive and normative cultural features Sky-watchers of Chaco A center of Anazazi culture Pueblo Bonito http://www.he.net/~mine/anasazi/p_bon ito_show_5.html Pueblo Bonito • • • • • 800 rooms 2000 - 5000 people one of several large townsites in the Canyon surplus of subsistence goods trading and ceremonial center You look across the Canyon to Fajada Butte Fajada Butte http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sS73UpIy7zs&feature=related Midday Summer Solstice THE SOLAR "CLOCK" X Did the stone slabs fall there, or were they placed? X Why mid-day rather than sunrise? X Was the spiral carved first or last? X Can it really plot the cycle of the moon? Solstice Window Pueblo Bonito Other aspects of life in the canyon • the arts • agriculture • religion • astronomy Potters practiced their craft …. Masons perfected the art of building Jackson Stairway Farmers cultivated and irrigated fields Spiritual life flourished Astronomers identified new sites Sighting the Crab Nebula Examples of Societies • Hunting and gathering Buffalo culture) (!Kung, Plains Indians – • Herding (Bedouins, Laplanders, Navajo) • Horticultural (early Chacoans, Shelmickedmu, pioneer Americans ) • Agricultural (later Chacoans, Americans in Nebraska and Iowa, etc.) • Industrial (Mexico and many European countries) • Post-Industrial (U.S., Japan, much of Europe) Culture • The way of life for a given society • Not just art, music, literature, etc. • Ideal culture = a group’s values and goals • Real culture = actual behavior Culture • All the human made products associated with a society • Two types of culture: – material – non-material • Culture provides people a shared framework to guide them as they solve problems Components of Culture Normative Culture Non Material Culture Material Culture Cognitive Culture Material Culture • All of the things created or used by the culture • May be inventions • May be borrowed (Process of diffusion) • Technology is part of the material culture Non-Material Culture • • • • • • Knowledge Beliefs Values Rules Symbolic information Language Symbol Definition Signs and symbols have meaning that is not fixed by the nature of the item to which it is attached but by the agreement of the people who use it to communicate. Non-Material, Symbolic Culture • Verbal symbols = Language Language is a system of symbolic communication that uses words in a standardized way • Allows us to move beyond the present • Experiences can be shared • Spoken, signed and written languages Use of Symbols • Examples of nonverbal symbols – designs, – gestures – colors – objects, – logos, etc. – i.e., a coke bottle • The coinherence symbol designed by Professor Roger Corless (Duke) in 1983, combining the symbols of various religious traditions. As the logo of the Duke University Department of Religion, it combines 7 symbols (circle, taijitu (yin/yang), wheel, hexagram (Star of David), labarum (Greek symbol for Christ), crescent, cross). • Symbol project assignment Cognitive Culture • • • • • • All of the culture’s knowledge Ideas Beliefs Procedures Creativity Information Processing Procedures Normative Culture Definition: Norm • Standard of desired behavior; Norms are rules people are expected to follow • Vary from society to society • Often situational - based on particular context Types of Norms • Folkways – customs – habits – minor with few, if any sanctions for violation • Mores – vital – morally significant (sin) – violations result in severe sanctions Ethnocentrism • The tendency to use one’s own culture as a standard against which other groups or cultures are measured • Positive features: national pride, patriotism, willingness to fight for one’s way of life • Negative features: prejudice, discrimination • Cultural Relativism • The practice of judging a culture by its own standards • Alternative to ethnocentrism • Requires openness to unfamiliar values and norms • Requires the ability to put aside cultural standards known all our lives In-groups versus Out-groups • If we see our way as good, those who are like us are seen as in-groups • All others, then, are viewed as out-groups • We feel different degrees of social distance from out-groups • The more distant, the more we tend to polarize our feelings or judgments Polarity of Judgments • In-Group: Our way • • • • • • Good Right Honest Intelligent Clean Etc. • • • • • • • Out-Group: Their way Bad; Evil Wrong Dishonest, Sneaky Stupid Dirty Etc. Subcultures • Categories of people who are part of the mainstream culture but who hold some unique and differential identities that give them a “group identity” that is set apart from or different from the mainstream • Subcultural patterns may include language differences, jargon, value systems, beliefs, patterns of behavior, style of dress • May be based on ethnicity, race, national heritage, religion, occupation, socioeconomic status, political perspective, etc. Subcultural Identities A Few Examples • Ethnicity • Race • Recent national heritage • Religion • Occupation • Socioeconomic status • Political Perspective • Irish, Czech, German • Asian; Black; Native American • Sudanese, Mexican • Catholic, Amish, Jewish • Medical, Over-the-road truckers • Jet set; working class; subculture of poverty • Radicals, “Hippies”, Skinheads Assignment • Read Chapter 3 – Socialization • Assignment to be discussed – symbol presentation