Download A Living Language Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Nervous System

Medical Terminology
A Living Language
Chapter 12
Nervous System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System at a Glance
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Functions of Nervous System
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Coordinates and controls body function
Receives sensory input
Makes decisions
Orders body responses
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System at a Glance

Organs of Nervous System


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Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Combining Forms
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cephal/o
cerebell/o
cerebr/o
encephal/o
gli/o
medull/o
head
cerebellum
cerebrum
brain
glue
medulla
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Combining Forms
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mening/o
meningi/o
myel/o
neur/o
phas/o
poli/o
meninges
meninges
spinal cord
nerve
speech
gray matter
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Combining Forms


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
pont/o
radicul/o
thalam/o
thec/o
ventricul/o
pons
nerve root
thalamus
sheath (meninges)
ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Suffixes
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–algesia
–esthesia
–paresis
–phasia
–plegia
–taxia
pain, sensitivity
feeling, sensation
weakness
speech
paralysis
muscle coordination
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with cephal/o,
cerebell/o and cerebr/o
–algia
cephalalgia
head pain
–ar
cerebellar
pertaining to cerebellum
–itis
cerebellitis
inflammation of cerebellum
–al
cerebral
pertaining to cerebrum
cerebrospinal
pertaining to cerebrum and
spine
spin/o
–al
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with encephal/o,
meningi/o and mening/o
electr/o
–gram
record of brain
electroencephalogram
electricity
–itis
encephalitis
brain inflammation
–oma
meningioma
meninges tumor
–eal
meningeal
pertaining to meninges
–itis
meningitis
meninges inflammation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with neur/o
–al
neural
pertaining to nerve
–algia
neuralgia
nerve pain
–ectomy
neurectomy
removal of nerve
–ologist
neurologist
nerve specialist
–oma
neuroma
nerve tumor
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with neur/o
–pathy
neuropathy
nerve disease
–plasty
neuroplasty
surgical repair of nerve
poly–
–itis
polyneuritis
inflammation of many
nerves
–rrhaphy
neurorrhaphy
suture a nerve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with myel/o and pont/o
–gram
myelogram
spinal cord record
–itis
myelitis
inflammation of spinal
cord
–ine
pontine
pertaining to pons
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with radicul/o, thalam/o
and thec/o
–itis
radiculitis
nerve root inflammation
–pathy
radiculopathy
nerve root disease
–ic
thalamic
pertaining to thalamus
intra– –al intrathecal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
pertaining to inside
meninges
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Nervous System Vocabulary
anesthesiology
the use of anesthesia for surgical
procedures, resuscitation, and pain
management
neurology
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
nervous system
neurosurgery
treating nervous system disease by
surgical means
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Vocabulary
sensations occurring prior to epileptic
seizure or migraine; such as seeing colors
alternating between strong involuntary
convulsion
muscle contractions and relaxations
sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms;
seizure
such as in epileptic seizure
focal
seizure in only one limb or body part
seizure
aura
syncope
fainting
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Vocabulary
conscious
awake and aware of surroundings
unconscious
unaware of surroundings; unable to
respond to stimuli
coma
state of profound unconsciousness
paresthesia
tremor
abnormal sensations such as burning or
tingling
involuntary repetitive alternating
movements
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Vocabulary
delirium
confusion, disorientation, and agitation
dementia
impaired intellectual function
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of body
paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of voluntary
movement
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of body
paraplegia
paralysis of lower portion of body
palsy
loss of ability to control movements
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Brain Pathology
Alzheimer’s
disease
astrocytoma
brain tumor
cerebral
aneurysm
disorder characterized by progressive
dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss
of memory
malignant tumor originating in astrocytes,
a neuroglial cell
intracranial mass; may be malignant or
benign; dangerous because occupies
space
ballooning of cerebral artery; may cause
stroke
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.9 – Color enhanced CT-scan showing two malignant
tumors in the brain. (Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.10 – Common locations for cerebral artery aneurysms in
the Circle of Willis.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Brain Pathology
cerebral
contusion
concussion
cerebral
palsy (CP)
bruising of brain from impact; symptoms
last longer than 24 hrs; include
unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting,
unequal pupils
brain injury from impact; symptoms last
less than 24 hrs
brain damage results from defect, trauma,
or oxygen deprivation at time of birth
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Brain Pathology
infarct due to loss of blood supply to
cerebrovascular
brain; may be due to hemorrhage,
accident (CVA)
thrombus, embolus, or compression;
commonly called a stroke
transient ischemic temporary interference with blood
attack (TIA)
supply to brain; may lead to a CVA
migraine
specific type of headache with
severe pain, light sensitivity,
dizziness, and nausea
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.11 – The four common causes for cerebrovascular
accidents.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Brain Pathology
epilepsy
tonic-clonic
seizure
absence
seizure
seizures and loss of consciousness
caused by uncontrolled electrical activity
of brain
epileptic seizure with strong muscle
spasms; formerly called grand mal
epileptic seizure characterized by loss of
awareness and absence of activity;
formerly called petit mal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Brain Pathology
hydrocephalus
Parkinson’s
disease
Reye
syndrome
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
within brain ventricles
chronic disorder of brain with tremors,
weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling
gait
acute encephalopathy and organ
damage; follows viral infection and
associated with taking aspirin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.12 – Hydrocephalus.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Spinal Cord Pathology
amyotrophic
degeneration of motor neurons of
lateral sclerosis spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig’s
(ALS)
disease
viral infection affecting spinal cord;
poliomyelitis
paralysis may be mild and temporary or
severe and permanent
spinal cord
injury (SCI)
damage to spinal cord due to trauma;
may be bruised and recover or severed
and permanent
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Spinal Cord Pathology
spina bifida
meningocele
congenital defect where lamina of
vertebra do not meet or close to
form spinal canal
protrusion of meninges sac through
opening left by spina bifida defect
protrusion of meninges and spinal
myelomeningocele cord through opening left by spina
bifida defect
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.13 – Spina bifida.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nerve Pathology
one-sided facial paralysis due to
Bell’s palsy
inflammation of facial nerve caused by
virus
temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be
Guillain-Barré
autoimmune; starts in legs and
syndrome
progresses up nervous system
multiple
loss of myelin sheath; results in
sclerosis (MS) weakness and numbness
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nerve Pathology
muscular weakness and fatigue due
myasthenia gravis to insufficient neurotransmitter at
synapses
shingles
eruption of painful blisters on body
along a nerve path; caused by
Herpes zoster virus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Meninges Pathology
epidural
hematoma
mass of blood in space outside dura mater
subdural
hematoma
mass of blood forming inside subdural
space; due to torn meningeal blood
vessel; space occupying lesion
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.15 – A subdural hematoma.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Clinical Laboratory Tests
cerebrospinal
fluid analysis
examination of CSF; may detect
infections and blood in the fluid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Diagnostic Imaging
brain scan
cerebral angiography
image of brain after injection of
radioactive isotopes into
bloodstream
X-ray of cerebral blood vessels
after injection of radiopaque dye
echoencephalography ultrasound image of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Imaging
myelography
X-ray of spinal cord after injection of
radiopaque dye into spinal canal
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
use of positive radionuclides to construct
an image of the brain; image reveals
metabolic activity of brain areas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Additional Diagnostic Tests
reflex test that reveals nervous
Babinski’s reflex
system lesions; performed by
stroking sole of foot
electroencephalography records the electrical activity of
(EEG)
brain
puncture to remove CSF for
lumbar puncture
examination
measures speed at which an
nerve conduction
impulse travels along a nerve;
velocity
reveals nerve damage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 12.16 – A lumbar puncture.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Treatment
nerve block
anesthetic injection into nerve area to
block nerve impulses on that nerve; used
to treat chronic pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Surgical Treatments
removes blockage of major artery in
carotid
neck that carries blood to brain by
endarterectomy
removing inner lining of the artery
cerebrospinal
shunt carries CSF from ventricle to
fluid shunt
abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus
removes part of vertebra; relieves
laminectomy
pressure on spinal nerve
surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe
tractotomy
chronic pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Pharmacology
analgesic
treats minor to moderate
pain, non-narcotic
Tylenol,
Aleve
anesthetic
produces loss of sensation
or consciousness
Xylocaine,
Novocain
reduces nerve excitability to Tegretol,
anticonvulsant
prevent seizures
Nembutal
dopaminergic
drugs
treats Parkinson’s disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
L-dopa,
Sinemet
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Pharmacology
hypnotic
promotes sleep
Seconal, Restoril
narcotic
analgesic
treats severe pain
OxyContin,
Demerol
sedative
calming or relaxing
effect
Amytal, Butisol
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Abbreviations
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANS
autonomic nervous system
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
EEG
electroencephalography
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nervous System Abbreviations
HA
headache
ICP
intracranial pressure
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
multiple sclerosis
PET
positron emission tomography
PNS
peripheral nervous system
SCI
spinal cord injury
TIA
transient ischemic attack
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.