Download Monarchy, Oligarchy, and Democracy.

Monarchy, Oligarchy, and Democracy.
First
of
all,
let
me
clarify
each
MONARCHY:
a
form
of
government
with
Monarch:
a
hereditary
sovereign,
as
a
form
of
government
is:
a
monarch
at
the
head.
king,
queen,
or
emperor
OLIGARCHY: a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
DEMOCRACY: a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a
state,
typically
through
elections.
------------------------------------------------Oligarchy:
These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or
military control. Such states are often controlled by a few prominent families who pass their
influence
from
one
generation
to
the
next.
Throughout history, oligarchies have been tyrannical (relying on public servitude to exist) or
relatively benign. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as a synonym for rule by the rich, for
which the exact term is plutocracy, but oligarchy is not always a rule by wealth, as oligarchs can
simply be a privileged group, and do not have to be connected by bloodlines as in a monarchy.
Monarchy:
Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in
governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the
length
of
their
tenure.
Powers
of
monarch
Today,
the
extent
of
a
monarch's
powers
varies:
* In an absolute monarchy, the monarch rules as an autocrat, with absolute power over the
state and government—for example, the right to rule by decree, promulgate laws, and impose
punishments. * In a constitutional monarchy the monarch is subject to a constitution. The
monarch serves as a ceremonial figurehead symbol of national unity and state continuity. The
monarch is nominally sovereign but the electorate, through their parliament/legislature,
exercise usually limited political sovereignty. Constitutional monarchs have limited political
power. A monarch's powers and influence may depend on tradition, precedent, popular
opinion, and law. In other cases the monarch's power is limited, not due to constitutional
restraints,
but
to
effective
military
rule.
Person
of
monarch
Most states only have a single person acting as monarch at any given time, although two
monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, a situation known as diarchy.
Historically this was the case in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, and there are examples
of
joint
sovereignty
of
spouses
or
relatives.
A regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, absent, or debilitated. A pretender is a
claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else. Abdication
is
when
a
monarch
resigns.
Monarchs
often
take
part
in
certain
ceremonies,
such
as
a
coronation.
Democracy:
Encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice
of
political
self-determination.
The term "democracy" first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the
city-state of Athens. Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first
democracy in 508-507 BCE. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of Athenian democracy."
Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing
features: the random selection of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government
administrative and judicial offices, and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens.
All citizens were all to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city state.
However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners, and males under 20 years
old.
Basic
forms
Direct
Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making
personally,
contrary
to
relying
on
intermediaries
or
representatives.
Representative
Representative democracy involves the selection of government officials by the people being
represented. If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic
republic.
Parliamentary
Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by
representatives as opposed to a 'presidential rule' wherein the President is both head of state
and
the
head
of
government
and
is
elected
by
the
voters.
Presidential
Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair
elections. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling
most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that
amount
of
time.
Constitutional
A constitutional democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected
representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law, and usually
moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of
individuals, and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of
the
majority
can
be
exercised
against
the
rights
of
minorities.