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Chapter 3
Routes of Entry and
Environmental Effects
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Figure 3-1 Routes of Entry
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1. Inhalation – Airborne chemicals enter
the body through the mouth or nose. It
is the most common route of entry in
the workplace.
2. Absorption – Can cause primary
irritation, sensitization, and enter the
blood.
3. Ingestion – A hazardous chemical is
transmitted to food, liquid, or cigarettes
and then swallowed.
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4. Injection – A toxic or hazardous
material is injected into the body by a
needle or sharp object, or through cuts
in the skin.
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Dose-Response Relationship
• Dose is defined as the amount of
chemical entering or being administered
to a subject.
• Response is defined as the toxic effect
the dose has upon the subject.
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Exxon Valdez
• March 124, 1989
• The largest tanker oil release in U.S.
history.
• Five years after the spill oil could still be
found.
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Figure 3-2 Exxon Valdez
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Air Pollution
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Acid rain
Smog
Unburned hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Mercury and small particles
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Air Permitting
• Permits must be obtained for any
projects that have the possibility of
producing air pollutants.
• Permits can take 3-8 months to
complete.
• Penalties range from $25,000 a day to
$250,000 and 2 to 15 years in jail.
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Figure 3-3 Environmental Awareness
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Water Pollution Control
The Clean Water Act regulates
wastewater. Wastewater standards are
applied to the following:
• Process wastewater
• Rainwater
• Cooling water.
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Community Right –to-Know
• Increases community awareness of the
chemicals manufactured or used by
local chemical plants and businesses,
involves communities in emergency
response plans, improves local
emergency response planning, and
identifies potential hazards.
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• CERCLA holds generators and
disposers of hazardous waste liable for
past practices, and established the
Superfund of $1.6 billon to pay for
cleanup operations of abandoned
hazardous waste sites.
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Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC)
The NRC oversees:
• Reactor security
• Reactor safety
• Reactor license renewal
• Radioactive material safety
• Spent fuel management, recycling,
disposal and storage
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Pipelines
• Pipelines in the U.S. are regulated by
U.S. Department of Transportation.
• Lines of pipe that convey liquids, gases,
or finely divided solids.
• Oil pipelines are made from plastic or
steel with inner diameters ranging from
4 to 48 inches.
• Typically buried under the ground, 3’ to
6’ deep.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning