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Society: the basics Eleventh Edition CHAPTER 11 Race and Ethnicity This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: - Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; - Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; - Any rental, lease or lending of the program. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity • What are race and ethnicity, and how are they created by society? • Why does the United States have so much racial and ethnic diversity? • How are race and ethnicity important dimensions of social inequality today? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity • People often confuse race and ethnicity. • Millions of people in the United States do not think of themselves in terms of a single category but as having a mixed ancestry. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important • Why do people display “racial characteristics”? • Appeared among human ancestors as a result of living in different regions of the world Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • Variety of racial traits is the product of migration • We think of race in biological terms, but it is a socially constructed concept • Race is a matter of social definitions and is a highly variable concept Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • The meaning and importance of race not only differ from place to place but also change over time • Today, the Census Bureau allows people to describe themselves using more than one racial category Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • Racial types – Scientists invented the concept of race to organize the world’s physical diversity Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid – How could the terminology used to describe racial categories be misleading and harmful? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • Racial types (continued) – There is more genetic variation within each category than between categories – From a biological point of view, knowing people’s racial category allows us to predict nothing about them Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • Categories allow societies to rank people in a hierarchy – Gives some more money, power, and prestige – Allow some people to feel they are naturally “better” than others • Because race matters so much, societies construct racial categories in extreme ways Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • A trend toward mixture – Genetic traits from around the world have become mixed – Today, people are willing to define themselves as multiracial Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race • Researchers have found that biracial and multiracial people choose different racial identities in different settings, depending on whom they are with. Have you every experienced such a “racial shift”? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Image Bank Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnicity • A shared cultural heritage • People define themselves as members of an ethnic category that have a distinctive identity – Common ancestors – Language – Religion • Like race, ethnicity is socially constructed Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnicity • Race is constructed from biological traits and ethnicity is constructed from cultural traits • People play up or down ethnicity depending on whether they want to fit in or stand apart • Could it be possible for someone to change their ethnicity? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Minorities • Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates – Based on race, ethnicity, or both • Two important characteristics – Share a distinct identity – Experience subordination • Not all members of a minority category are disadvantaged Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Minorities • Do you think all U.S. people of color, rich and poor alike, should be considered minorities? Why or why not? • Usually make up a small proportion of a society’s population – Exceptions are blacks in South Africa and women in the U.S. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Image Bank Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Stereotypes • Prejudice may target people of: – A particular social class – Sex – Sexual orientation – Age – Political affiliation – Race – Ethnicity Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice • A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people • Prejudices are prejudgments – Can you provide examples of how prejudices can be both negative and positive? – Rooted in culture so everyone has some measure of prejudice Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice • Often takes the form of stereotypes – An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category – Especially harmful to minorities in the workplace • Are there stereotypes in common phrases or images in our society? Explain and provide examples. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale • Social Distance – Refers to how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category – Emory Bogardus Found that people felt more social distance from some categories than others Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale • Three major findings – Student opinion shows a trend toward greater social acceptance – People see less difference between various minorities – The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, might have reduced social acceptance of Arabs and Muslims Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Racism • The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another – Powerful and harmful form of prejudice – Existed throughout world history – Widespread throughout U.S. history – Do you believe that racism is still a serious problem throughout our society today? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Where do you believe that prejudice comes from? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Scapegoat theory – Prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged – Scapegoat A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles Minorities often are used as scapegoats – They have little power – Usually are “safe targets” Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Authoritarian personality theory – Extreme prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals – Conclusion supported by research Indicated that people who show strong prejudice toward one minority are intolerant of all minorities Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Authoritarian personality theory (continued) – Authoritarian personalities Rigidly conform to conventional cultural values See moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Authoritarian personality theory (continued) – Opposite pattern also found to be true People who express tolerance toward one minority are likely to be accepting of all People with little education and raised by cold, demanding parents tend to develop authoritarian personalities Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Culture theory – Claims that although extreme prejudice is found in certain people, some prejudice is found in everyone – “Culture of prejudice” Taught to view certain categories of people as “better” or “worse” than others Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Prejudice • Conflict theory – Proposes that prejudice is used a a tool by powerful people to oppress others – Another conflict-based argument Minorities encourage “race consciousness” to win greater power and privileges Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discrimination • Discrimination – Unequal treatment of various categories of people • Prejudice refers to attitudes • Discrimination is a matter of action – Positive or negative – Subtle to blatant • Does prejudice and discrimination always go together? Explain and give examples. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination • Bias built into the operation of society’s institutions • Can you provide examples of how prejudice and discrimination has become institutionalized in schools, banks, hospitals, law enforcement, and the workplace? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination • Why are people often slow to condemn or recognize institutional prejudice? – Often involves respected public officials and long-established traditions – Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Cycle • Prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other • Situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences • Stereotypes – Real to people who believe them – Real to those victimized by them Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Image Bank Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction • Four models – Pluralism – Assimilation – Segregation – Genocide Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pluralism • A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing • Do you believe that the U.S. is pluralistic? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pluralism • U.S. not pluralistic for three reasons – Although most of us value our cultural heritage, few people who live with others of their category do so entirely by choice – Our tolerance for social diversity goes only so far – People of various colors and cultures do not have equal social standing Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assimilation • The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture • Why do most minorities adopt the dominant culture? – Avenue to upward social mobility – Way to escape prejudice and discrimination directed against more visible foreigners Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assimilation • Amount of assimilation varies by category • Assimilation involves changes in ethnicity but not in race • Should we expect people who come to the U.S. to change their language and other cultural patterns in order to “fit in,” or should we expect them to hold onto their own traditions? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assimilation • Miscegenation – Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories – Must occur for racial traits to diminish over generations – Though more common, interracial marriage still amounts to only 7% of all marriages Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Segregation • The physical and social separation of categories of people • Segregation enforces separation that harms a minority • de jure segregation (by law) • de facto segregation (in fact) • Can segregation be voluntary? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Segregation • Does segregation still occur today? • Hypersegregation – Having little contact of any kind with people beyond the local community Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Genocide • The systematic killing of one category of people by another • Deadly form of racism and ethnocentrism – Violates every moral standard • Common throughout history Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Genocide • Important to recognize the degree to which U.S. society was built – Segregation of African Americans – Genocide of Native Americans • Is genocide a relic of the past? • Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race Ethnicity in the United States Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempesttossed to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door. Emma Lazarus (Base of Statue of Liberty) Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Native Americans • Refers to hundreds of societies who first settled the Western Hemisphere • 15th century: Numbered in the millions • By 1900: Numbered 250,000 – Centuries of conflict and genocide Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Native Americans • What cultural factors have led to the low social standing of Native Americans? What can be done to improve their social standing? – Noncompetitive view of life – Reluctance to pursue higher education – Dark skin made them targets of prejudice and discrimination Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants • Most are of English ancestry – Includes Scotland and Wales • Not subject to prejudice and discrimination • Cultural legacy – English dominant language – Protestantism dominant religion Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants • Historical dominance is evident – Widespread use of “race” and “ethnicity” to describe everyone but them • In what ways does being WASP (or simply being white) confer privilege on people? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • Slavery was foundation of southern colonies’ plantation system • 400,000 forcibly transported to US • Filth, disease, and suicide killed many • No control over their lives • Declaration of Independence did not apply Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • “American Dilemma” – Democratic society’s denial of basic rights and freedoms to an entire category of people • Resolution of the dilemma – African Americans defined as naturally inferior and undeserving of equality Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • 13th Amendment outlawed slavery • 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S. • 15th Amendment gave the right to vote • Jim Crow Laws – Institutionalized discrimination that segregated U.S. society into two racial castes • 20th century brought dramatic changes Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • 1950s and 1960s – National civil rights movement • Black Power Movement – Gave African Americans sense of pride and purpose • Despite gains, continue to occupy a lower social position in the U.S. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • Black unemployment twice as high as white unemployment – Factory jobs vital to central cities lost to other countries • Remarkable educational progress since 1980 Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • Political clout has greatly increased • People of African ancestry have struggled for social equality for 400 years • Discrimination is illegal; research documents long-term decline in prejudice against African Americans Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • Racial hierarchy persists • In your opinion, how much change has there been in racial prejudice and discrimination against African Americans during your lifetime? Do you believe that race relations will get better with the recent election of President Obama? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asian Americans • Category marked by enormous cultural diversity • 4.5% of U.S. population • Commands attention and respect as high achievers • “Model minority” stereotype – Misleading because it hides the differences in class standards and poverty found among their ranks Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asian Americans • Chinese Americans – Immigration began in 1849 with the gold rush – Economic hard times led to prejudice and discrimination – “Yellow Peril” Laws passed to bar from many occupations Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asian Americans • Chinese Americans (continued) – Chinese men outnumbered Chinese women 20 to one High demand of Chinese women led to their loss of their submissiveness – Racial hostility Moved East to urban China towns Traditions and kinship networks (clans) Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asian Americans • WWII need for labor led to end of ban on Chinese immigration • By 1950, many experienced upward social mobility – Hold high-prestige positions – Science and information technology Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asian Americans • Despite success, Chinese Americans still deal with subtle and sometimes blatant prejudice and discrimination – Poverty still high among those socially isolated in Chinatowns Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japanese Americans • Immigration began slowly in the 1860s • As number of immigrants increased to California, white hostility increased Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japanese Americans • Differed from Chinese immigrants in three ways – Fewer Japanese, so they escaped some of the hostility directed at the Chinese – Japanese knew more about the U.S. than the Chinese, so assimilated better – Japanese preferred rural farming which made them less visible Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japanese Americans • Japanese faced their greatest crisis after Pearl Harbor – Rage directed at the Japanese living in the U.S. – Detained in military camps by executive order Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japanese Americans • Internment was criticized – Targeted an entire group of people – Two-thirds of those imprisoned were nisei (U.S. citizens) – U.S. also at war with Germany and Italy but no comparable action was taken against people of German and Italian ancestry Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japanese Americans • Internment led to the economic devastation of Japanese Americans • Internment ended in 1944 – 1988: Congress awarded $20,000 to each victim for compensation Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japanese Americans • In 2006, median income of Japanese Americans was 35% above national average • Upward social mobility encouraged cultural assimilation – Many abandoned their traditions – Some are still caught between two worlds Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recent Asian Immigrants • Koreans, Filipinos, Indians, Vietnamese, Guamanians, and Samoans • Many have a strong entrepreneurial spirit – Owning a small business is a strategy for dealing with societal prejudice and discrimination. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recent Asian Immigrants • Japanese closest to having achieved social acceptance • In this country, are people more accepting of African Americans or Asian Americans? Why? • Many live in Hawaii, California, or New York – Incomes are high but so are costs of living – Many Asian Americans remain poor Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos • Number of Hispanics in U.S. topped 46 million in 2008 – Surpassed number of African Americans – Now the largest racial or ethnic minority • Hispanics are a cluster of distinct populations – Each identify with a particular ancestral nation • Median family income is below national average Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos • Mexican Americans – Descendants of people who lived in the part of Mexico annexed by U.S. – Most are recent immigrants – Today, more immigrants come from Mexico than any other country – What may be some social factors that influence the high dropout rate among Mexican Americans? What can be done to deal with this social phenomenon? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos • Puerto Ricans – Island became U.S. possession after the Spanish-American war – Became citizens in 1917 – Most live in New York City – Adjusting to cultural patterns is a major challenge – Darker skin leads to more prejudice and discrimination–most return to Puerto Rico Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos • Puerto Ricans (continued) – “Revolving door” pattern limits assimilation – Most speak only Spanish which limits economic opportunity – Most socially disadvantaged Hispanic minority • Do you think the U.S. population as a whole would support Puerto Rico as the fifty-first state? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos • Cuban Americans – 400,000 Cubans fled to U.S. after the 1959 revolution – Most settled in Miami – Many were highly educated business and professional people – Median income above that of other Hispanics but still below the national average Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos • Cuban Americans (continued) – Cubans are most likely to speak Spanish in their homes – Cultural distinctiveness and highly visible communities provokes some hostility Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Arab Americans • A U.S. minority that is increasing in size • The “Arab World” includes 22 nations • Not all are Arabs – Berber of Morocco; Kurds of Iraq • Arab cultures differ from society to society – Share widespread use of Arabic alphabet and language – Islam is dominant religion Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Arab Americans • “Arab” is an ethnic category • “Muslim” is a follower of Islam • Majority of people living in Arab countries are Muslim, but some Arabs are Christians or followers of other religions • Why may Arab Americans choose to downplay their ethnicity? Do any students on this campus seem to downplay their ethnicity as a way to “fit in”? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Arab Americans • How did the Terrorist attacks against the U.S. and other nations fuel stereotypes that link Arab or Muslim with terrorists? – Unfair because it blames an entire category for the actions of a few – Explains why social-distance research show students express more negative attitudes toward Arabs that any other racial or ethnic category Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Arab Americans • How did the Terrorist attacks against the U.S. and other nations fuel stereotypes that link Arab or Muslim with terrorists? (continued) – Explains why Arabs have been the target of hate crimes – Explains why many feel they are subject to “ethnic profiling” Threatens their privacy and civil liberties Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Ethnic Americans • Term “White Ethnics” – Recognizes ethnic heritage and social disadvantage of many white people • Non-WASPs – Ireland, Poland, Germany, Italy, or other European countries • Do any members of your family consider themselves to be “white ethnics”? Explain. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Ethnic Americans • Endured their share of prejudice and discrimination • Congress enacted quota system limiting immigration • Many formed supportive residential enclaves • Some gained footholds in certain businesses and trades Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Ethnic Americans • Many still live in traditional working-class neighborhoods • Those who prospered gradually assimilated • Many descendants now make enough money to live comfortable lives – Ethnic heritage is now a source of pride Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead • U.S. has been, and will remain, a land of immigrants • New arrivals face the same prejudice and discrimination experienced by those who came before them • Recent years have witnessed xenophobia – Rising hostility toward foreigners • Can you provide examples of xenophobia in our society today? Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead • Today’s immigrants try to blend into American society without completely giving up their culture • New arrivals still carry the traditional hope that their racial and ethnic diversity can be a source of pride rather than a badge of inferiority Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
