Download Jane Maxwell, Projects Coordinator, Waste Energy Solutions

Waste Energy Solutions
Co-digestion for Energy and Environment
Jane Maxwell, Project Consultant
www.fromwastetoenergy.com
What can Danish biogas technology do?
• Handle waste
• Reduce odour
• Increase nutrient
accessibility
• Reduce nutrient leaching
• Provide Carbon neutral
energy
• Provide added revenue
• Enrich the community
• Reduce GHG emissions
The technology: Anaerobic digestion
• Mesophilic and
Thermophilic process
• Fully mixed digester
• Co-digestion concept
• Proven in Denmark
• We have made all the
mistakes and learned
What is Biogas?
300
200
m3 CH4 / st input
CH4 production capacity
Methane production of selected substances
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Biogas Plant design
Biogas technology
• Pre-treatment
–
–
–
–
Mixing
Macerating
Hygienisation/ sterilisation
+/- other pre-treatment: e.g.
concentration
• Digestion
• Aftertreatmnet
– Store
– Separate
– Upgrade
• End use
– Land application
– Move and apply
– Transport market / or disposal
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes
Bacteria digest organic compounds in
oxygen free environments and produce
Biogas
Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring
process that involves complex biochemical
processes carried out by a consortium of
bacteria.
Biogas is
Up to 65% methane
35% to 40% Carbon Dioxide
Trace amounts of H2, NH3, and H2S.
Used as fuel in internal combustion
engine to produce electricity
Used in boilers
Or
Stripped of CO2 and contaminants
and injected into pipeline
LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas
CNG - Compressed Natural Gas
One of our Potential Florida Projects
• 23 Dairies in the middle Suwannee basin
– Manure causing serious environmental concerns
• New regulations - grease trap cleanouts required
monthly for restaurants
– Land application of grease is an environmental problem
• Local town and prison sewage solids being land
applied
– Increasing population will cause land application to be
problematic
• Large amounts of food wastes either going to
landfills or into municipal waste water
– Organic wastes increase cost of waste water treatment and
size of landfill
One WES digester taking in approx 800 tons per day will
fix these problems!
How our program works
– WES consultant with 30 yrs experience with state and
federal funding programs assists farmers in acquiring
funds for upgrading manure separation equipment
– Farmers get income for selling nutrients after all financial
obligations have been paid
– No out of pocket costs to farmers
– Farmers get back nutrients in solution – much easier to
regulate and prevent over applying
– WES gets income from tipping fees and selling power
– Society wastes converted from a problem to a solution
– Nutrient and Odor problem solved
– Dairy Farmers stay in business
– Florida needs Dairy Farmers!
Why FLORIDA dairy farms are important for
meeting GHG reductions and RPS
– Importing milk uses fossil fuels
– Using fossil fuels increases GHG’s
– Dairy Manure very necessary for co-digestion –
this will help clean up wastes from many sources
including wastes from other renewables (stillage
from ethanol, glycerine from biodiesel)
– Dairies can be important contributors to
renewable energy
– Florida dairies keep jobs and money in Florida
Advantages of Waste Energy Solutions
biogas for Utility Providers
Methane very reliable – don’t have to
wait for wind to blow or sun to shine
• 4 to 6 digesters
• At least 3 days feedstock
• Three to four 1.6 MW generators
• Located near power users –
DISTRIBUTED POWER
• Possibility for a number of plants in
Florida
Why burning methane from biogas is
so important for the environment
Methane 21 times worse than CO2
in causing global warming
Removing 1 ton methane from
atmosphere = getting rid of 21
tons CO2
Burning methane converts the
methane to CO2
CO2 Equivalent for methane is 18
Burning methane does not increase
carbon in the carbon cycle.
Atmosphere
CO2
Contemporary
Carbon Cycle
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
Methane
Burned
Through Photosynthesis
Plants use CO2 make
carbon compounds
Much of the
carbon
consumed
ends up in
Manure
Plants consumed
as food
Forest Fires
Burning of biomass
Animal and plant
Respiration
Food Wastes from meat or
produces CO2
plant sources, decaying
Carbon sources
of organic material
A NEED FOR SPEED
CO2
A fast carbon cycle is important
in order to prevent even
temporary increase in CO2
In Atmosphere
Methane
Crops grown and
harvested over several
months
Grain, grass,
food
Burned as fuel
Carbon continually
recycled
Digester
Plants consumed
as food
FOOD WASTE
Slower carbon cycle can increase atmospheric carbon for 20
to 50 years – Burning Forest biomass is a slow cycle
CO2
In Atmosphere
Will take
another 20 to 50
years for carbon to be
taken out of atmosphere
and
only if enough trees are
planted
Seedlings
20 to 50 years
growth cycle
Renewable Portfolio Standards
In states with established RPS methane from
anaerobic digestion of organic materials is a
Tier 1 renewable energy
RECs from Tier 1 are given 110% to 140%
credits
What is the value of a REC?
Wind generation costs - Coal generation costs = price of REC
In general it costs 4 to 6 cents more per kW to get wind
generation to a customer
This difference in costs = the value of the REC
The concept of REC’s is to equalize the “real” cost of coal
and other fossil fuels with the cost of renewables.
It is difficult to estimate this cost but it would include
health care costs incurred from pollution as well as
environmental costs and global warming risks.
Reasons that a Tradable Renewable
Energy Credit system should be used
toward meeting the RPS goal
tREC’s can be used to promote the development of new renewable
resources, not simply benefit existing generation
Requiring percentage of Renewable Energy Credits to be Tier 1 will decrease the
time it takes to reach GHG reduction goals -favoring the cleanest and the
greenest. Methane destruction makes anaerobic digesters Tier 1
Tradable credits have proven to be a successful system of reducing other
pollutants (reducing acid rain and ozone depletion)
REC have proven to help build new renewable generation (for
example - wind generation increasing quickly in Texas)
Renewable energy producers can sell energy and renewable energy credits
separately. An electricity provider that does not own or purchase enough
renewable energy capacity may purchase credits instead of capacity
RPS legislation using tRECs can add some security to a market for new
renewable energy, thereby encouraging investment
Trading system should be limited to Florida only or to the
Southeastern states
If the trading region is not limited renewable energy
suppliers in regions where producing renewable energy is
cheaper than in Florida will have a big advantage
Encouraging renewable energy suppliers to locate in
Florida to build new generation will help Florida meet
GHG goals
Encouraging renewable energy suppliers to locate
in Florida will be good for Florida’s economy and
energy security
THANK YOU!