Download Overview of the Built Environment - TB-IPCP

OVERVIEW OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Research Architect
CSIR Built Environment,
Architecture and Engineering unit
[email protected]
Reference: http://www.physicalactivity360.org/built-environment.htm
78.7 * 70 * 50 *
25
*5
Life expectancy * Indoors * at home *sleeping (bedroom) * outside
PROJECTS_THE TRUTH
PERCEPTION
REALITY
`
OF A BUILDING
A BUILDING PROJECT
AND THE BUILT ENVIROMENT
ROLEPLAYERS_THE TEAM
TECHNICAL TEAM
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DESIGNERS
ARCHITECT
LANDSCAPE
INTERIOR
ENGINEERS
ELECTRICAL
CIVIL
MECHANICAL
STRUCTURAL
ACOUSTIC
FIRE
TRAFFIC
GEO-TECHNICAL CONSULTANT
GREEN CONSULTANT
HERITAGE CONSULTANT
SECURITY CONSULTANT
LIGHTING DESIGNER
CLERK OF WORKS
CONTRACTOR
SUB – CONTRACTORS
SPECIALIST CONTRACTORS
SUPPLIERS
NEW ROLEPLAYERS OR PLAYERS WITH INTEREST
Infection control specialist, epidemiologist, microbiologist, building scientists
MANAGEMENT TEAM
•
CLIENT
•
•
CLIENT REPRESENTATIVES
BOARD REPRESENTATIVES
CLIENT TREASURER
PROJECT MANAGER
QUANTITY SURVEYOR
STATUTORY BOARDS
•
•
•
•
•
LOCAL MUNICIPALITY
APPROVALS
BUILDING INSPECTORS
DOH NORMS AND STANDARDS
APPROVAL PROCESS
COUNCIL APPROVALS
CLIENT SERVICE CONTRACTS
IN PLACE NATIONAL CONTRACTS
COMPANY DESIGN GUIDES
OTHER: SABS/SANS CERTIFICATIONS
PROJECT OPTIONS_FOR THE TEAM
PROJECT MODELS
•
•
•
•
•
•
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT
DESIGN BID BUILD
DESIGN ASSIST
DESIGN BUILD
IPD (INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY)
LEAN CONSTRUCTION
FINANCIAL MODELS
•
•
•
COST AND BUILD
PPP
MANY OTHER….
PROJECT CONTRACT OPTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Each client or organisation has their own
preference and no one size fits all principle
applies.
2. All these options have an impact on the
final product…
CONTRACTING TYPES
•
MAIN CONTRACTOR
•
SUB COTNRACTOR
•
JOINT VENTURE PARTNER
FIDIC (INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF
CONSULTING ENGINEERS)
GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS FOR
CONSTRUCTION
JBCC (THE JOINT BUILDING CONTRACTS
COMMITTEE) – FULL CONTRACT SUITE
NEC (NEW ENGLAND CONTRACT)
CLIENT ARCHITECT AGREEMENT
OTHER MINOR CONTRACTS BETWEEN SUPPLIERS
AND SUBCONTRACTORS ETC….
OTHER…….
THE LANDSCAPE_SOUTH AFRICA
PUBLIC
80% of the population
30% of doctors and specialist
For service model
VARIATIONS
PRIVATE
20% of the population
User clients
of doctors and specialist
Regulations and guidelines 16% of70%
population use private doctors and
Management
are medical aid funded
Maintenance
For profit model
Funding
Income
Services
Consultant appointments
Project approvals
Quality Control
Ownership
Scale of infrastructure
NHI (National Health Insurance)
aims to bridge this gap
Reference: Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, Vol 9, no 11: 2010
COMMUNICATION_ BRIEFING
IS A TWO WAY THING…AND IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IT IS A TEAM EFFORT.
THE BIGGEST SHORT COMING IN ANY PROJECT IS COMMUNICATION AND BRIEFING
THE ARCHITECT THINKS THE CLIENTS CAN INTERPRET HIS PLANNING,
THE ENGINEER THINKS THAT THE ARCHITECT UNDERSTANDS HIS CALCULATIONS,
THE USER CLIENT (DR) THINKS THAT THE DESIGN TEAM UNDERSTANDS CLINICAL PROCEDURES,
SO IN THE END EVERY ONE THINKS EVERYONE KNOWNS,
BUT REALLY NO ONE KNOWS
CHALLENGES WITH BRIEFING
• WE DO NOT HAVE SMART CLIENTS
• IT’S OFTEN A ONCE OF PROJECT, WITH ONCE OF TEAM
• IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR THE CONSULTANTS AS ROSTER BASED AND MOST OFTEN ONCE OFF
WHEN WE DON’T
COMMUNICATE
As maintenance installed it
What the customer wanted
COMMUNICATION_ BRIEFING
The briefing guide is aimed at clarifying the client’s views and expectations. In general terms, clients rarely understand their needs
and the appointment of an architect should remain the key to a successful project at the end. The architect’s role should therefore
involve a series of pertinent questions towards the client, even if the process could reveal the impossibilities in carrying out the
project.
The architect’s services as well as the client’s budget are part of the briefing process, these should be highly stressed in order to
avoid misunderstandings and possible fruitless expenditure. Moreover, questions relating to site context, property ownership and
related rights are important aspects in the process. It might be that there are servitudes that can restrict the design, adjacent
buildings that can affect the envisaged project. Other aspects of the briefing process include, but are not limited to, the appointment
of other consultants, the compatibility of the team with regard to CAD systems used, the accommodation schedule, the estimation
of the quality of the building, the time-cost quality factor; and any other general matters specific to the project.
The architect should have an honest and open relationship with client and maintain professionalism. Architects often carry-out work
purely to fulfil an architectural service than to help shape a better built environment. This is not only an act of dishonesty, but
irresponsible.
IAN ALEXANDER _ THE BRIEFING GUIDE
KEY POINTS
•
•
•
•
MAKE YOUR CLIENT A SMART CLIENT
LEARN FROM YOUR CLIENT
DISCUSS PERTINENT ISSUES UP FRONT
COME TO AN AGREED WAY FORWARD BEFORE PROCEEDING…PREFERABLY NOTED ON PAPER
COMMUNICATION_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
TOOLS OF COMMUNICATIONS
•
•
•
•
DRAWINGS
•
FLOOR PLANS
•
SECTIONS
•
DETAILS
•
WINDOW SCHEDULES
•
DOOR SCHEDULES
•
DATA SHEETS
•
FURNITURE SCHEDULES
3D MODELS
EQUIPMENT LIST
BILLS OF QUANITY
All these tools become part of the contract and
the required contractual obligations by the
project team.
Reference: kokbrut.org
THE LIFE OF A BUILDING
THEY TAKE A WHILE TO BUILD DEPENDING ON CONSTRUCTION AND SIZE
6 MONTHS – 8 YEARS….. UN FINISHED
BUT LAST LONG ONCE COMPLETED
AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA IS AT LEAST 40 YEARS
THE FUNCTION AND USE CHANGES IMPACTED BY SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND CHANGE, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TECHNOLOGY ADVANCMENT
THEY APPEAR DIFFERENT IN EVERY SEASON
AESTHETICALLY ELEMENTS ARE PRONOUNCED OR FADES IN DIFFERENT SEASONS
THEY PERFORM DIFFERANLTY IN EVERY SEASON
THERMAL RESPONSE, ENERGY USE, ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY, OCCUPANCY
THEY ARE IDEALLY DESIGN AND BUILT CLIMATE SPECIFIC
TYPOLOGICALLY, ECOLOGICALLY, CULTURALLY, CONTEXTUALLY
THEY ARE EXPENSIVE TO BUILD
MORE EXPENSE TO MAINTAIN 90% OF THE BUILDING COST LIES IN THE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
CHANGE IN BURDEN OF DISEASE HAS DIRECT IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURE
THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ ADAPTABILITY
CHANGE IN DISEASE BURDEN
CHANGE IN SOCIAL CONDITIONS
CHANGE IN FUNCTION AND NEED
CHANGE IN OCCUPANCY
Reference: http://adaptablefutures.com/2012/11/af-exhibition-building-centre/
THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ LEAN DESIGN & EFFICIENCY
“Lean” is a way of thinking that was developed by the Toyota Motor Company, and to which many attribute
its dominance of world car manufacturing today. Lean is all about eliminating waste, or “muda”.
David Week, Architecture for Development
‘Another approach to healthcare facility design, the Lean-Driven Design Process deliberately engages the
facility stakeholders in the initial design process, with a focus on reviewing operational processes to
eliminate waste and improve efficiency. This review yields a plan for how the hospital would like to operate
that forms the basis for the architectural design.’
HKS Architects, Traditional versus ‘Lean-Driven’ Operational Process Improvement based Hospital Design
Traditional Design Process
Lean Driven Design Process
Design Focus
Focus on processes that add value for the patient, staff and family
members
Starts with programming
Starts with observation of operational processes
User groups are made up of staff leaders within a
department or service
Value-stream focused teams include key stakeholders who are
involved across the whole process of delivering the service to the
patient are used to analyze the process
Each user group provides feedback to designers about
their departments or services
Multidisciplinary consensus based, future-state processes drive the
development of the floor plan
Floor plan diagrams are adjusted to accommodate
existing operations and processes
Floor plan diagrams are used to validate the value stream, optimize
future improvements
13
Reference: Geoff Abbot
C
New / replacement
equipment
Infrastructure renovation/
addition
Facility design life : 50-60 years
Facility life cycle
Time
D
B
A
Facility life cycle costs
Operating Costs ± 90% over life-cycle
C: Service cost (staffing, supplies…)
D: Facility maintenance, operation, utilities…
Decommissioning / disposal
Capital Costs ± 10% over life-cycle
A: Construction cost (immovable assets)
B: Equipment cost (movable assets)
Operation
Planning, design, construction, commissioning
Cost
THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ LIFE CYCLE COSTING
THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ MAINTENANCE
A recent study (2010) investigated the implementation of maintenance practices with regard to the need,
classification, planning, implementation, impact and cost estimating by property practitioners in the public
sector, Eastern cape excess of +- 100 000msq infrastructure
‘The key finding revealed that maintenance is implemented predominately on a corrective/emergency
basis. This in turn has led to inaccurate maintenance estimates being projected by property practitioners
resulting in the overrunning of maintenance budgets and premature replacement of building
components.’
S.J Lazarus & A.C Hauptfleisch, The Application of Facilities Maintenance within the public sector: An exploratory study. Department of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of the Free State,
Key challenges
• ‘The failure to classify maintenance requirements accordingly. ‘
• ‘Key errors in areas such as estimating maintenance cost and not creating an asset history regarding
performance and cost are evident. ‘
• ‘Senior management structures who are seen as hampering progress towards generating a fully
fledged maintenance programme as in both studies they influence the budgets in a negative manner
affecting both back log and planned maintenance. ‘
Proactive and planned…NOT reactive and corrective
AESTHETICS_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The building is a system…. A system of parts that all work together.
In The Ten Books of Architecture the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius stated that a building should
meet obligations of commodity, firmness, and delight. Commodity addresses how a building serves its
function and can be made more useful. Firmness means a building's ability to stand up to natural
forces over time. Delight refers to aesthetics.
The National Institute of Building Sciences, USA
Aesthetics refer to sensory perception and understanding or sensuous knowledge.
In the built environment… the factors that impact our sensory perception and understanding though
intrinsic design process are:
•
•
•
•
•
Structural integrity
Cost
Building material
Functional use
Building performance
Aesthetic qualities include
Unity, Proportion, Scale, Balance, Symmetry and Rhythm
Aesthetic elements
Vision, Hearing, Touch, Taste and smell
Reference:
AESTHETICS_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Primary School_ Burkina Faso
Butaro Hospital_ Rwanda
Dogon traditional Architecture_ Mali
Alice Lane Towers_ RSA
National centre for performing arts _ China
EMERGING & EVOLVING STANDARDS
EVOLVING
• COUNCILS, BUREAUS, FEDERATIONS…ETC
SAIA (SOUTH AFRICAN ISNTITUE FOR ARCHITECTS) SACAP ( SOUTH AFRICAN COUNCIL FOR THE ARHCITECTURAL PROFESSION), NHBRC (NATIONAL
HOME BUILERD REGISTRATION COUNCIL), SABS (SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARS), IBC (INTERNAITONAL BULDING CODE), ECSA
(ENGINEERING COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA), SAFHE (SOUTH AFRICAN FEDERATION OF HOSPITAL ENGINEERING), CIBSE (CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF
BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS), ASHRAE (AMERICAN SOCIEY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIRCONDITIONING ENGINEERS ) GBC (GREEN
BUILDING COUNCIL), CBE (COUNCIL FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT), ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION)
•
IUSS (INFRASTUCTURE UNIT SUPPORT SYSTEM)
National Norms, Standards and Guidelines for healthcare infrastructure in South Africa, 48 packages considering all aspects of the healthcare
environment (Replaced the SAH Norm and R158)
•
SANS 10400 - BUILDING STANDARDS
Part A: General Principles and Requirements, Part B: Structural Design, Part C: Dimensions, Part D: Public Safety, Part E:Demolition Work, Part F: Site
Operations, Part G: Excavations, Part G: Foundations, Part J: Floors, Part K: Walls, Part L: Roofs, Part M: Stairways, Part N: Glazing, Part O: Lighting
and Ventilation, Part P: Drainage, Part Q: Non-water-borne Sanitary Disposal, Part R: Stormwater Disposal, Part S: Facilities for Disabled Persons, Part
T: Fire Protection, Part U: Refuse Disposal, Part V: Space Heating, Part W: Fire Installation Parts X & XA: Energy Usage
•
LOCAL MUNICIPAL BY LAWS
EMERGING
• ENERGY EFFCIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY
• Parts X & XA: Energy Usage
THE BIGGER PICTURE_ AN URBAN PERSPECTIVE AND HEALTH
‘Factors such as population and technology influence and facilitate health care delivery and facility
planning. Technology, in particular, plays a significant role because it is constantly evolving and
leveraging the means and locations to deliver health care. No longer are planners simply talking about
hospitals or outpatient centers. The health care technology interface in the community primary care
office or living room is here’
Morris A. Stein_ Health Facilities Management
‘Health is associated with social determinants — nowhere more so than in cities, and especially so when
in conjunction with the increasingly important role of climate change. But for more than 150 years, a
large and continually expanding body of research has shown that the way in which cities are planned and
managed can make a substantial difference to the health of their residents’
Rydlin et al. _UCL (Shaping cities for health: complexity and planning of urban environment in the 21 st century)
BUILDINGS ARE NOT ISOLATED ISLANDS;
THEY FORM PART OF A LARGER SYSTEM,
AN URBAN ECOSYSTEM.
HOW THE ECOSYTEM RESPONDS IS
DEPENDANT ON THE SERVICES IT
PROVIDES AND RECEIVES, AND THE
SOCIAL DRIVERS OF THE SYSTEM.
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT_ AND HEALTH
Studies indicate that health care facilities are contributing to the spread of Mtb (Eshun-Wilson et al. 2008)
‘The spread of infectious bacteria, fungi, viruses and single cell organisms (prokaryotic & eukaryotic)
specifically in hospitals are widely known to be first by human contamination (Hospodsky et al. 2012) and
secondly dependent on environmental favourable conditions (Basu. et al. 2007)……the built environment’
THIS LEADS US TO A NEW EMERGING PERSPECTIVE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH
MICROBIOLOGY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
JESSICA GREEN