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Province of Maryland wikipedia , lookup
Slavery in Canada (New France) wikipedia , lookup
English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms wikipedia , lookup
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General Characteristics of Southern Colonies • Dominated to a degree at least by rice (later cotton) – tobacco and • – Mostly indentured servants until late 17th century (VA and MD), then increasingly black slavery • Large land holdings in the hands of a few – aristocratic (exceptions NC and some of GA) • – Churches and schools were rare, too expensive • – Needed fresh land to replace depleted soil due to tobacco farming • Practiced some form of – Anglican Church was dominant Chesapeake Colonies cont. • Labor shortages – Unhealthy climate and high death rate • Disease • Indian raids – Solutions • (usually : under contract for set number of years ) in exchange for transatlantic passage – Early 17th century were given startup money, supplies, even land sometimes after contract expired – Dominant system until late 17th Century • : VA offered for each immigrant who paid his own passage or any plantation owner who paid for a white indentured servant’s passage – By 1700 planters brought in almost 100,000 indentured servants, or 75% of all European immigrants to VA and MD • :( ) at first similar to indentured servants, colonists were too poor to afford, mid 1600’s VA began to differentiate between white and black Life in the Chesapeake • – Malaria, dysentery, typhoid – ½ of those born in VA and MD did not live past age 20 – Roughly 10 year shorter life expectancy (25% of men reached 50, women 40 years) • – Mostly single men in late teens and early 20s – Women married early were a scarcity • Men had trouble finding wives, often did not • – Increased immunities to disease and arrival of more women – 1700 VA had about 50,000 colonists, largest colony MD about 30,000 colonists, third largest colony Frustrated Freemen and Bacon's Rebellion • , about 1,000 Virginians rebelled – Led by • Resented VA Gov. friendly Indian policies – Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of Indian attacks on settlements • Controlled monopoly of the fur trade • The crowd attacked Indians and chased Berkeley from , Virginia • Bacon suddenly died from disease • Berkeley then crushed the uprising, hanging more than 20 rebels – (Charles II complained of the penalties dealt by Berkeley!) • Due to the rebellions and tensions started by Bacon, planters looked for less troublesome laborers to work their tobacco plantations Colonial Slavery • Africans brought to Jamestown in , by , they numbered only about 2,000 in VA – (only about 7% of the total population of the South) • , wages in England rose number of indentured servants decreased – Also reports of negatives of indentured servitude • , black slaves outnumbered white servants among new arrivals to Chesapeake region Colonial Slavery, cont. • In 1698, the Royal African Company, first chartered in 1672, lost its monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies – Many Americans rushed to cash in on the slave trade • Blacks accounted for half the population of VA by 1750 – In SC, they outnumbered whites 2:1 • Most of the slaves came from the west coast of Africa • Beginning in VA in 1662, statutes formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks – These earliest "slave codes" made blacks and their children the property of the white masters for life Proprietary Maryland • • Granted to rather than – 1634 – Wanted wealth – Haven for fellow • – 1649 – Protestants now outnumbered Catholics – • (death to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus – Jews, atheists) – Repealed in late 1600’s • Catholics lost their right to vote in elections for the Maryland assembly Proprietary Carolina: A Restoration Reward • 1663 eight nobles had been given land in return for their support during the Restoration, Charles II • English Civil War – 1640s • Cromwell’s Protectorate – 1650s • Restoration Colonies – Carolinas, NY, PA • Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 1669-70 – Presumed to be written by – Combined democratic and aristocratic ideas • 1729 royal colonies of South and North Carolina were formed from original Proprietorship Early Carolina Society • South Carolina – Originally based on trading furs and food to West Indies, by mid 1700s large plantations resembled the economy and culture of the West Indies • North Carolina, – Officially created in 1712 – Small self-sufficient farms, less slavery due to less hospitable conditions for plantations – Became refuge for religious dissenters and poor whites • Rhode Island of the South – Democratic views and autonomy from British control • Impact of West Indies on Carolinas – West Indies (esp Barbados) developed plantation system based around production – Increasingly relied on mainland British America for – Small farmers were crowded out and many moved to (with slaves)