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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Early Industrial Revolution
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Summarize the key developments in the
transportation revolution of the early 1800s.
• Analyze the rise of industry in the United
States in the early 1800s.
• Describe some of the leading inventions and
industrial developments in the early 1800s.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• turnpike – toll roads chartered by some states,
named for the gate that guarded the entrance
• National Road – road made of crushed stone that
linked successfully linked Maryland and the Ohio
River
• Erie Canal – waterway built to link Lake Erie and
New York City via the Hudson River
• Industrial Revolution – historic period in which
production shifted from manual labor to the use of
machines, changing how people lived and worked
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Samuel Slater – English emigrant who built
America’s first water-powered textile mill in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793
• Francis Cabot Lowell – merchant who developed
an entire industrial system for all stages of
manufacturing cloth in the town of Lowell
• Lowell girls – young girls who worked in Lowell’s
mills and lived in strictly supervised boarding houses
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• interchangeable parts – identical components
that can replace each other, making a machine
less expensive to produce or repair
• Eli Whitney – inventor who introduced the use
of interchangeable parts in the United States
• Samuel F.B. Morse – inventor of the electrical
telegraph and Morse Code, a system of dots and
dashes used to send messages over metal wires
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did transportation developments
and industrialization affect the
nation’s economy?
Starting in the early 1800s, a revolution in
technology changed the way Americans lived
and worked.
The United States was set on a course of
industrialization.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The major settlements in the United States
originally developed along the rivers and harbors
of the Atlantic coast.
Water was the
most efficient
way to move
people and
goods.
Overland
transportation
was expensive
whether by cart,
wagon, sleigh,
stagecoach,
horse, or oxen.
Moving freight a
few dozen miles
by land cost as
much as shipping
the same items
across the ocean.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
States
chartered toll
roads, called
turnpikes.
• Profits were supposed to be
used for road improvements,
but most roads remained in
poor condition.
• Few turnpikes made a profit
or really improved the cost
or speed of transportation.
• An exception was the
National Road. In 1818,
this route of crushed stone
extended from Maryland to
the Ohio River.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The steamboat revolutionized water travel.
In 1807, the first
practical steamboat, the
Clermont, began sailing
from New York City.
Steamboats shortened a
trip up the Mississippi
from New Orleans to
Louisville from months
to days.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
States built canals, artificial waterways that
linked unconnected rivers, lakes, and ports.
In 1825, the Erie Canal ran 363 miles from
Lake Erie to the Hudson River.
Shipping costs between
Buffalo and New York
City plummeted from
$100 to $4 per ton.
The resulting rise in
commerce pushed New
York City’s population
to 800,000 by 1860.
Canals linked farms in the Midwest to markets in the
East, leading to tremendous growth in agriculture.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The
introduction of
railroads
provided the
most dramatic
transportation
growth.
• The first railroads started in
Britain in the 1820s.
• The United States had
13 miles of track in 1830
and 31,000 miles by 1860.
• A trip from Detroit to New
York City that took 28 days
in 1800 took just two days
by train in 1857.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Major Canals, Roads, and Railroads, 1840-1850
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the 1700s, British factories began using
machines powered by steam or water to spin
thread or weave cloth. This was the start of
the Industrial Revolution.
Britain tried to prohibit the export of
industrial technology.
In 1793, Samuel Slater, an English
emigrant, built a water-powered mill from
memory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Industrial Revolution soon
transformed the American economy.
Several mills used the
family system that
employed parents and
children who lived in a
company-owned village.
In 1813, Francis Cabot
Lowell combined all of
the steps to manufacture
cloth in one location, in
Waltham, Massachusetts.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the 1820s, Lowell built
his own factory town of
Lowell, Massachusetts.
He employed young single
girls from area farms.
Lowell girls lived in closely
supervised boarding houses
that had strict rules. After
several years, most married
and left the mills.
In Lowell and many other textile mills,
women provided the bulk of the labor.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Technology changed how people worked and lived.
Work was divided
into small tasks,
reducing the level
of skill or training
needed for many
jobs.
Factory owners
profited because
unskilled workers
were more
numerous and
could be paid
less.
In some
industries,
owners profited
by dividing labor
even without
using new
machines.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Interchangeable
parts improved
efficiency in
manufacturing
and repair.
• Rather than a skilled artisan
making a single clock or
musket, workers made
individual components that
were later assembled.
• Eli Whitney produced
muskets with standardized
parts. A component from one
gun fit any other gun.
• Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
also used interchangeable
parts to build sewing
machines.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse revolutionized
communications with his invention the
electric telegraph.
• The telegraph sent electrical pulses
along metal wires.
• Morse code used dots and dashes to
instantly send information for miles.
• By 1860, the United States had
50,000 miles of telegraph line.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Agriculture remained America’s chief industry,
but innovations made farms more productive.
New
methods
Farmers found more efficient ways to plant,
tend, and harvest crops and to raise livestock.
John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus McCormick’s
New
mechanical reaper helped double farm
inventions productivity by 1860.
New
farmland
More fertile farms in the Midwest raised
production.