Download Common Parasites

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Objectives
• To examine common small animal
parasites.
• To describe symptoms of external and
internal parasites in small animals.
• To illustrate preventative methods and
treatment options concerning parasites.
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Main Menu
• Introduction to Parasites
• Common Internal Parasites
• Common External Parasites
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Introduction
to Parasites
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Parasites
• Are living organisms which have various
life cycles
• Are transmitted to host animals through
contact or ingestion
• Can be external or internal
Clinic Corner: A host is an animal which serves as residence for a parasite.
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Parasites
• Can be controlled effectively with proper
testing and the administration of
preventive medication
• Cause great discomfort to animals and
transmit disease to animals and humans
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Internal Parasite Life Cycle
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External Parasite Life Cycle
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Parasite Shapes
• Include:
– cocci: spherical-shaped
– bacilli: rod-shaped
– spirilli: spiral-shaped
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Parasitic Treatments
•
•
•
•
Usually involves a type of anthelmintics
Vary depending on the parasite and host
Can cause parasite resistance
May require a veterinarian's prescription
and extended withdrawal time
Clinic Corner: Anthelmintics is an agent which destroys or causes the
expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms
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Animal Body Systems
• Are complex structures made up of
millions of cells
• Each work together to carry out a special
job
• Are highly affected by pathogens which
disrupt normal cell functions while
sometimes resulting in killing cells and
tissues
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Animal Body Systems
• Include:
– circulatory
– respiratory
– digestive
– endocrine
– immune
– integumentary
– nervous
– skeletal
– reproductive
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Circulatory System
• Is designed to pump and deliver blood to
the body’s tissues
• Is made up of the heart, arteries, veins
and blood
• Is affected through disease by changes to
blood levels, abnormal heart sounds and
beats, fluid around the heart and anemia
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Circulatory System
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Respiratory System
• Is made up of the nose, mouth, trachea,
bronchi and lungs
• Provides the body with the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Is affected by disease through coughing,
damage to the lungs and labored
breathing
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Respiratory System
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Digestive System
• Breaks down food into simple substances
which can be absorbed by the body
• Absorbs digested parts of food into the
blood stream
• Is affected by disease through diarrhea,
weight loss, intestinal damage and poor
appetite
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Digestive System
• Includes four basic types of systems:
– monogastric (simple)
– ruminant (polygastric)
– hindgut-fermenter
– avian
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Monogastric Digestive System
• Contains a single-chambered stomach
• Stomach is very muscular and stores
ingested food and moves it into the small
intestine
• Is found in humans, swine, dogs and cats
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Monogastric Digestive System
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Ruminant Digestive System
• Also known as polygastric
• Contains one large stomach which is
divided into four compartments
– Including:
•
•
•
•
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum
• Is found in cattle, sheep
and goats
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Ruminant Digestive System
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Hindgut-Fermenter Digestive
System
• Is found in animals who eat large amounts
of roughage
• Is similar to ruminants, however does not
have stomachs with several compartments
• Is found in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs
and hamsters
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Hindgut-Fermenter Digestive
System
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Avian Digestive System
• Highly differs from the previous digestive
systems because the bird has no teeth
• Is made up of the esophagus which
empties directly into the crop, where the
food is stored and then grinded by the
gizzard with stones or
grit
• Is a very fast process
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Avian Digestive System
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Endocrine System
• Produces hormones which regulate
metabolism, growth and development,
tissue and sexual function, reproduction,
sleep and mood
• Is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries and testicles
• Is affected by disease through poorly
developed or swollen glands
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Endocrine System
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Immune System
• Defends the body against infectious
organisms and other invaders
• Attacks organisms and substances which
invade an animal’s system and causes
diseases
• Is made up of lymph nodes, cells, proteins,
tissues and organs
• Is affected by disease through reduced
immune response
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Immune System
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Integumentary System
• Protects the animal’s body from disease
by providing a barrier to viruses and
bacteria
• Protects the body from dehydration,
overheating or freezing
• Is affected by disease through irritation,
itching, scratching, rough hair coat, hair
falling out, crusty skin and lesions
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Integumentary System
• Is the largest organ in the body and
includes the following:
– hair
– feathers
– scales
– nails
– hooves
– horns
– skin
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Integumentary System
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Nervous System
• Transmits signals to different parts of the
animal’s body and operates basic body
functions like breathing and digestion
• Is affected by disease through poor
coordination, tremors, convulsions and
changes to behavior
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Nervous System
• Includes:
– central nervous system
• which is the brain and spinal cord
– peripheral nervous system
• which is made up of the nerves and ganglia
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Nervous System
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Skeletal System
• Protects and supports the body tissues
and internal organs
• Is made up of bones and other connective
tissues
• Is affected by parasites through poor
growth, muscle weakness, stiffness,
lameness and muscle tremors
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Skeletal System
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Reproductive System
• Is a system of sex organs
within animals which work
together for the purpose of
sexual reproduction
• Is affected by disease
through lowered fertility rates,
lactation problems and
reproductive unsoundness
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Reproductive System
• Female anatomy includes:
– ovaries
– uterus
– vagina
– vulva
– utter
• Male anatomy includes:
– penis
– testes
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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Introduction
to Parasites
Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which of the following parasites has a spherical shape?
A. Cocci
B. Bacilli
C. Spirilli
D. Bacci
2. Which of the following systems protects and supports the
body tissues and organs?
A. Endocrine
B. Skeletal
C. Circulatory
D. Integumentary
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Assessment
3. Which of the following systems defends the body against
infectious organisms and other invaders?
A. Respiratory system
B. Integumentary system
C. Immune system
D. Endocrine system
4. Which of the following systems pumps and delivers blood to
organs throughout the body?
A. Endocrine system
B. Circulatory system
C. Respiratory system
D. Digestive system
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Assessment
5. Which type of medication is most commonly used to treat
parasitic infections?
A. Penicillin
B. Antibiotics
C. Anthelmintics
D. Aspirin
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Common Internal
Parasites
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Common Internal Parasites
• Include:
– coccidia
– roundworms
– hookworms
– whipworms
– tapeworms
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Coccidia
• Scientific name is Coccidiasina
• Is caused by protozoans which multiply in
the intestinal tract of animals
• Can be species specific
• Is excreted in feces and transmitted
through the ingestion of either infected
feces or intermediate hosts such as rats
• Affects young animals most frequently
Clinic Corner: Intermediate hosts are parasites which undergo development
but do not reach maturity.
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Coccidia
• Symptoms include:
– diarrhea
– weight loss
– dehydration
– stress
– death
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Coccidia
• Treatment includes:
– administering antibiotics such as,
sulfadimethoxine or trimethoprim-sulfa
– administering fluids and electrolytes as
therapy
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Coccidia
• Prevention includes:
– general husbandry, such as
removing all fecal material
– maintaining food and water
so it will not become
contaminated with feces
– providing fresh water for animals at all times
Clinic Corner: Husbandry is defined as the careful management of domestic
affairs or resources.
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Roundworms
• Scientific name is Ascarids
• Travel through the organs, get coughed
up, swallowed and mature in the small
intestines during the larval stage
• Migrate to internal tissues and lay dormant
until the host
becomes pregnant,
then infect the
developing fetus
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Roundworms
• Symptoms include:
– may go unnoticed due to tendency of being
asymptomatic
– young animals may show slow growth, poor
hair coat and may be
“pot bellied”
– diarrhea
– death
Clinic Corner: Asymptomatic is defined as showing no evidence of disease.
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Roundworms
• Treatment includes:
– administer an anthelmintic agent, such as
pyrantel pamoate
• Prevention includes:
– treating pregnant and nursing mothers to
minimize transmission to offspring
– de-worming young animals
Clinic Corner: De-worming is defined as treating an animal to free it of
worms.
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Hookworms
• Scientific name is Ancylostoma
• Are blood sucking parasites residing in the
small intestine
• Are transmitted by eating infected larvae
which live in the environment and are
passed through feces or
by penetrating the skin
and entering the blood
stream
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Hookworms
• Symptoms include:
– may go unnoticed
due to tendency of
being asymptomatic
– anemia
– low protein levels
– tarry diarrhea
– dark stool
– lethargy
– vomiting
– irritated skin where
hookworms
penetrated the body
Clinic Corner: Anemia is a condition in which there is a deficiency of
hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying component of blood
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Hookworms
• Treatment includes:
– administration of a de-wormer
• Prevention includes:
– good sanitation
– stool checks
– regular de-worming
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Whipworms
• Scientific name is Trichuris trichiura
• Live in the cecum of animals and act as
blood sucking parasites
• Infect animals through the ingestion of
whipworm eggs in soil and other items
coming in contact with feces
• Become infective one month after the
eggs are shed
• Are rarely seen in cats
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Whipworms
• Symptoms include:
– may go unnoticed due to tendency of being
asymptomatic
– weight loss
– diarrhea
– anemia
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Whipworms
• Treatment includes:
– administration of a
de-wormer
• Prevention includes:
– proper sanitation
– reduce exposure by
removal of feces
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Tapeworms
• Scientific name is Taenia saginata
• Are the most common internal parasite
encountered
• Are transmitted through intermediate
hosts, usually fleas, who obtain the egg
and then are eaten by another animal
• Are long and flat and attach to the animal’s
intestines
Clinic Corner: Tapeworms in dogs can grow more than 20 inches in length!
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Tapeworms
• Symptoms include:
– may go unnoticed due to tendency of being
asymptomatic and rarely cause serious
disease
– diarrhea
– segments containing eggs break off and are
passed with feces
• resemble a piece of
white rice
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Tapeworms
• Treatment includes:
– administration of de-worming medication
• Prevention includes:
– because fleas are the key cause, they must
be controlled with a form of preventive
treatment
– regular de-worming schedule
– proper sanitation
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Common Internal
Parasites
Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which of the following internal parasites are transmitted
through an intermediate host, like fleas?
A. Tapeworms
B. Whipworms
C. Roundworms
D. Coccidia
2. Which of the following internal parasites migrates to internal
tissues and lays dormant until the host becomes pregnant?
A. Tapeworms
B. Whipworms
C. Roundworms
D. Coccidia
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Assessment
3. Which of the following internal parasites lives in the cecum of
animals and acts as blood sucking parasite?
A. Roundworms
B. Coccidia
C. Tapeworms
D. Whipworms
4. Which of the following parasites are long and flat and attach to
an animal’s intestines?
A. Roundworms
B. Coccidia
C. Tapeworms
D. Whipworms
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Assessment
5. Which of the following parasites are rarely seen in cats?
A. Whipworms
B. Tapeworms
C. Roundworms
D. Hookworms
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Common External
Parasites
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External Parasites
• Include:
– fleas
– ticks
– sarcoptic mange
– demodectic mange
– ear mites
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Fleas
• Scientific name is Siphonaptera
• Are small, wingless, bloodsucking insects
acting as parasites on warm blooded
animals
• Feed on hosts, mate and then lay
hundreds of eggs
• Repeat life cycle in three weeks under
favorable conditions
• Can go for two months without feeding
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Fleas
• Symptoms include:
– itching
– patches of hair loss
– red, irritated skin
– anemia occurs with large infestations
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Fleas
• Treatment includes:
– apply an insecticide to the
animal
• common insecticide treatments
include:
– topical, liquid treatment applied
to the back of the neck
– shampoos
– sprays
– powders
– thoroughly clean the house, including rugs,
bedding and upholstery
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Fleas
• Prevention includes:
– wash animal’s bedding frequently
– treat the yard and house with an insecticide
– apply insecticides to the animal
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Ticks
• Scientific name is Dermacenter sp.
• Are parasitic arachnids which feed on the
blood of mammals, birds and reptiles
• Carry diseases which can be transmitted
to animals and humans
• Complete life cycle by mating, engorge
from feeding, then drop to the ground to
lay eggs in the environment
Clinic Corner: Arachnids are invertebrate animals characterized by four
pairs of segmented legs and a body divided into two sections.
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Ticks
• Symptoms include:
– red, irritated skin where ticks attach
– anemia in severe cases
– contracting Lyme disease
• disease characterized by fever, joint and
muscle pain and weakness which can lead to
heart and kidney problems in animals
– contracting Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• disease characterized by high fever, headache
and joint pain
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Ticks
• Treatment includes:
– remove ticks with forceps or tweezers
• prevent breaking of the mouth parts in the skin
– administering medication to the site of
infection
– administering oral medication which combats
the diseases they cause
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Ticks
• Prevention includes:
– staying away from wooded or
grassy areas as well as leafy
debris
– using tick preventing medication
and shampoo as well as regularly
checking and promptly removing ticks
– administering a Lyme disease vaccine
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Sarcoptic Mange
• Scientific name is Sarcoptes scabiei
• Is also known as scabies
• Is caused by mites burrowing under the
skin
• Is transmitted through direct contact with
mites or another infected animal
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Sarcoptic Mange
• Symptoms include:
– severe itching
– dry, wrinkled areas of skin
– hair loss
– lethargy
– crusty sores
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Sarcoptic Mange
• Treatment includes:
– bathing infected animals weekly using antiparasitic soap
– administering anti-parasitic medication and
antibiotics if secondary infection has occurred
due to scratching
– ridding the house of mites which involves
regular vacuuming and cleaning of areas
animals inhabit
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Sarcoptic Mange
• Prevention includes:
– maintaining good hygiene and
health of animals
– requires keeping animals from
freely roaming in grassy or
woody areas
– limiting the contact animals
have with each other as scabies is easily
transmitted
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Demodectic Mange
• Scientific name is Demodex
• Is caused by a parasitic mite which lives in
the hair follicles and oil glands of animal
skin
• In adults is usually a
sign of another disease
compromising the
immune system as
most animals are able
to suppress demodex
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Demodectic Mange
• Symptoms include:
– itching
– red, irritated skin
– small areas of hair loss on face
and front legs
– skin oozing serum
– may contract bacterial infection
Clinic Corner: Serum is a pale yellow liquid coming from the separation of
blood into its liquid and solid forms
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Demodectic Mange
• Treatment includes:
– feeding oral medication daily for several
weeks
– may be difficult if the animal is excreting
serum or an infection has occurred
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Demodectic Mange
• Prevention includes:
– maintaining the overall health of animals
– providing animals with a good diet and clean
environment
– supporting an animals immune system by
vaccinating, sterilizing both the animal and its
environment and practicing pest control
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Ear Mites
• Scientific name is Otodectes cynotis mites
• Live on the surface of the ear canal skin
• Are barely visible to the human eye and
appear as little black specks resembling
coffee grounds
• Are transmitted through
social interactions
between infected animals
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Ear Mites
• Symptoms include:
– scratching at the ear
– ears become red and inflamed
– crust may appear on or around
the ears
– abscesses around the ears
Clinic Corner: Abscesses are localized collection of pus in part of the body.
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Ear Mites
• Treatment includes:
– applying medicinal oils or
insecticides into the ear canal
– oral medication depending on
severity of infestation
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Ear Mites
• Prevention includes:
– checking ears regularly as ear mites
reproduce rapidly
– checking ears after animals interact with one
another
– monitoring animals’ behavior to see if there is
excess head shaking or ear scratching
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Common External
Parasites
Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which of the following parasites are seen as little black specks
resembling coffee grounds?
A. Ear mites
B. Ticks
C. Fleas
D. Demodectic mange
2. Which of the following parasites is caused by mites burrowing
under the skin?
A. Ear mites
B. Demodectic mange
C. Sarcoptic mange
D. Fleas
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Assessment
3. Which of the following parasites completes their life cycle by
mating, engorge from feeding, then dropping to the ground to
lay eggs in the environment?
A. Fleas
B. Ticks
C. Sarcoptic mange
D. Ear mites
4. Which of the following parasites can go two months without
feeding?
A. Demodectic mange
B. Ear mites
C. Ticks
D. Fleas
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Assessment
5. Which of the following parasites may cause abscesses around
an animal’s ears?
A. Ticks
B. Ear mites
C. Fleas
D. Sarcoptic mange
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Assessment
1. Which of the following parasites is also known as ascarids?
A. Roundworms
B. Hookworms
C. Whipworms
D. Ear mites
2. Which of the following parasites are blood sucking parasites
residing in the small intestine?
A. Roundworms
B. Hookworms
C. Fleas
D. Ticks
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Assessment
3. Which of the following parasites can grow more than 20
inches in length?
A. Hookworms
B. Whipworms
C. Tapeworms
D. Coccidia
4. Which of the following parasites are small, wingless,
bloodsucking insects which can lay hundreds of eggs?
A. Fleas
B. Ticks
C. Ear mites
D. Roundworms
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Assessment
5. Which of the following parasites are small parasitic arachnids
which feed on the blood of mammals, birds and reptiles?
A. Roundworms
B. Whipworms
C. Ticks
D. Ear mites
6. Which of the following parasites is also known as scabies?
A. Ticks
B. Hookworms
C. Ear mites
D. Sarcoptic mange
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Assessment
7. Which of the following parasites is rod shaped?
A. Cocci
B. Bacilli
C. Spirilli
D. Bacci
8. Which of the following parasites found in adults is usually a
sign of another disease compromising the immune system?
A. Sarcoptic mange
B. Ticks
C. Fleas
D. Demodectic mange
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Assessment
9. Which of the following body systems provides the body with
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
A. Integumentary
B. Digestive
C. Respiratory
D. Circulatory
10. Which of the following transmits signals to different parts of
the animal’s body and operates basic body functions like
breathing and digestion?
A. Endocrine
B. Nervous
C. Respiratory
D. Skeletal
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Resources
• Common Small Animal Parasites. Retrieved October 6, 2015,
from http://www.ruralareavet.org/PDF/Infectious_DiseaseCommon_Parasites.pdf
• Common Parasites of Small Animals: Information from
Country View Veterinary Service, Oregon, Wisconsin.
Retrieved October 5, 2015, from
http://www.countryviewvets.com/ca/parasites_common3.htm
• Common Parasites of Small Animals: Information from
Country View Veterinary Service, Oregon, Wisconsin.
Retrieved October 5, 2015, from
http://www.countryviewvets.com/ca/parasites_common3.htm
• CAPC Vet. Retrieved October 5, 2015, from
http://www.capcvet.org/
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Acknowledgements
Production Coordinators
Christa Henley
Graphics Designer
Melody Rowell
V.P. of Brand Management
Clayton Franklin
Executive Producer:
Gordon W. Davis, Ph.D.
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CEV Multimedia, Ltd.
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