Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Before we begin…P-E-G-AS Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war. Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living? Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic? Advances/Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic Ancient River Valley Civilizations Early River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Sumer • Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable • No natural barriers • Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Egypt • Flooding of the Nile predictable • Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages • Deserts were natural barriers Indus Valley • Indus flooding unpredictable • Monsoon winds • Mountains, deserts were natural barriers China • Huang He flooding unpredictable • Mountains, deserts natural barriers • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Oldest known civilization Cradle of Human Civilization Old Testament Nebuchadnezzar Ziggurat (right) Hanging gardens Geography This civilization rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden. It has few natural barriers. In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent? Iraq Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia Political: What was the earliest kingdom in Mesopotamia? The second? Social The Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform. Babylonians wrote using this “wedgeshaped” writing on clay tablets. Number system based on 60. 12 month calendar wheel, plow , sailboat More cuneiform writing Ancient Mesopotamia Social Classes Kings, Priests, Gov’t officials Artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers Enslaved people More ziggurats Hanging Gardens of Babylonia Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar II. Herodotus (historian in 450 B.C.) was quoted as saying the following: "In addition to its size, Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world." Outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough to allow a fourhorse chariot to turn. Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens Economic: Trade and Farming Traditional Economy Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations. In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road. Sumerians Invented The Wheel The wheel was invented by 6000 BC It helped military, farming and trade. At right, this is made of wood. Political: Mesopotamian Law Code of Hammurabi “eye for an eye tooth for a tooth” ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses King Tutankhamen Hieroglyphics Egyptian Civilization Egyptian civilization arose after Mesopotamia. Geography: It was centered around the Nile River. The Nile River Nile River Provided fish Supported plants and animals Two rivers, Blue Nile and White Nile, join to make the Nile River. World’s longest river Flows south to north Floods watered the land and provided fertile soils for crops to grow. The Sahara Desert. Largest desert in the world. Egypt is naturally protected from enemies because it was surrounded by deserts, rivers, deltas, and cataracts (rapids). Delta Pyramids Pyramids were tombs for the kings. The most famous are the Giza pyramids (shown to left). These were built in 3500 B.C.E. How old are they? Political: Egyptian Pharaohs Egyptians were led by Pharaohs, who were priest-kings. The most famous pharaoh is King Tut. Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains. Eventually, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms (Upper and Lower). Tutankhamun Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II Egypt’s Religion They believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs. Hapi – main god Isis – main goddess Book of the Dead Mummies Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified. They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved. Mummification Process Took out all of the internal organs, except the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person. Organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy. Brain was taken out through the nose because it had no significant value. he body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). Then the body was left for 40-50 days. Mummies Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics Made up of sound and picture symbols Only scribes (men) were taught to write Hieroglyphics What did Egyptians write on? Papyrus Also used to make baskets, sandals and river rafts The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo. Egyptian Social Classes Nubia People around the world have learned about the glorious past of the Egyptian empire, but most have failed to learn of the Nubia, which was sometimes even stronger than the Egyptian empire. Nubia rivaled Egypt in wealth and power, and they mutually influenced each other. Egyptian Economy Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade. Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus Valley (in Pakistan) Indus Valley Civilization The Land of India Subcontinent Himalaya Mountains Five nations of today: India, Pakistan in the NW, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh in NE 7/6/2017 46 Fertile River Valleys 2 river valleys: Ganges and Indus South is dry and hilly (Deccan Plateau) Eastern and Western coasts are lush, fertile plains. Monsoons Winter – cold, dry air from mts Summer – warm, wet air from the Arabian Sea 7/6/2017 47 Indus River Valley This civilization is still mysterious. The writing has not been translated. Indus River Civilization Cities sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River. Ancient India’s religions Hinduism Buddhism Eightfold Path 1. Know and understand the Four Noble Truths. 2. Give up worldly things and don’t harm others. 3. Tell the truth, don’t gossip, and don’t speak badly of others. 4. Don’t commit evil acts, like killing, stealing, or living an unclean life. 5. Do rewarding work. 6. Work for good and oppose evil. 7. Make sure your mind keeps your senses under control. 8. Practice meditation as a way of understanding reality. Indus Economy Just like the other river valley civilizations, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers. Traditional economy They traded with the Chinese, with the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and sometimes with the Egyptians. ANCIENT CHINA Great Wall Began 2000 B.C. Mandate of Heaven Dynasties Silk Astronomy As in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and along the Indus River, Chinese civilization began within a major river valley. Modern China itself is a huge geographical expanse. Around 4000 BC, this huge area contained an almost infinite number of ethnic groups and languages. This history, in which a vast area populated by diverse ethnic groups became, over time, a more or less single culture, began in the Yellow River Valley. Yellow River Civilization G:Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River. The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world. Huang He (Yellow River) Chinese Accomplishments During the Shang and Zhou periods achievements in astronomy and bronze work learned to make silk create books developed a complex system of writing. S:Chinese Astronomy • 2137 BC- Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on October 22nd. • ca. 2000 BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution of its orbit. • ca. 1400 BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and the earliest known solar variation日珥. • ca. 1200 BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for recognitions of the stars. • ca. 1100 BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄 赤交角. • 776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliable record of solar eclipse. The Chinese Language Pictographs Ideographs – join together two or more pictographs to form an idea Most characters in their language represent whole words and not sounds. Ancient Chinese Social Classes Landowning aristocrats Peasant farmers Merchants E:Chinese Invented Silk Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world. It is made from silk worms. Silk also makes “paper” Silk worm Ancient China Economy •Farming and trade •Traditional economy •First to develop terrace farming •This method is still used today for rice and other crops. Chinese Rice Terrace Dynasty Xia dynasty -1st dynasty Shang dynasty – built first Chinese cities 1750 B.C. – 1045 B.C. Zhou dynasty Ancient Chinese Religion Believed in gods and spirits Had to keep them happy by offerings of food and other goods Angry gods and spirits may cause a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle Kings received power and wisdom from them Ancient China