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CHAPTER 32 The Reproductive System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 32.1 32.2 Summarize the organs of the male reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each. Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various disorders of the male reproductive system. 32.3 Summarize the organs of the female reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each. 32.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various disorders of the female reproductive system. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 32.5 Explain the process of pregnancy, including fertilization, the prenatal period, and fetal circulation. 32.6 Describe the birth process, including the postnatal period. 32.7 Compare several birth control methods and their effectiveness. 32.8 Explain the causes of and treatments for infertility. 32.9 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of the most common sexually transmitted infections. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-4 Introduction • Male and female reproductive systems – Function together to produce offspring – Produce important hormones © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-5 The Male Reproductive System • Testes – Produce sperm and testosterone – Divided into lobules – Held in the scrotum • Seminiferous tubules – In the lobules of the testes – Contain spermatogenic cells • Interstitial cells produce testosterone Male System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-7 Sperm Cell Formation Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium (46 chromosomes) Mitosis Primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes) Meiosis at puberty Secondary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte 2nd meiotic division Spermatid Spermatid Spermatid Spermatid © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-8 Sperm Cell Formation (cont.) • Head – Nucleus with 23 chromosomes – Covered by an acrosome • Tail – Flagellum – Propels the sperm • Midpiece - mitochondria © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-9 Internal Accessory Organs – Male • Epididymis – where spermatids mature into sperm • Vas deferens – carries sperm cells to urethra • Seminal vesicles – secrete seminal fluid – Sugar – Prostaglandins Male System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-10 Internal Accessory Organs – Male • Prostate gland – Alkaline fluid that protects sperm – Contractions assist with expulsion of semen (cont.) • Cowper’s glands – fluid to lubricate end of penis • Semen – Sperm cells – Fluids Male System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-11 External Organs – Male • Penis • Scrotum – Pouch that holds the testes away from the body – Lined with serous membrane that secrets fluid – Shaft – Glans penis – Prepuce – Functions • Deliver sperm • Urination Male System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-12 Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation • Erection – erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood • Orgasm - emission occurs • Ejaculation – semen is forced out of the urethra © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-13 Male Reproductive Hormones • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Testosterone – Secondary sex characteristics – Maturation of male reproductive organs – Regulated by negative feedback © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-14 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: D Vasectomy ___ A. Spermatogenesis B. Testes F Mixture of sperm and fluids ___ C. Penis ___ A Sperm cell formation D. Vas deferens ___ G Secrete alkaline fluid/ prostaglandins E. Hypothalamus B Produce testosterone ___ G.Seminal vesicle F. Semen E GnRH ___ ___ C Erectile tissue © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-15 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Disease/Disorder Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Epididymitis Description Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland Inflammation of an epididymis; usually starts as an urinary tract infection Impotence or Disorder in which erection erectile dysfunction cannot be achieved or (ED) maintained; about 50% of males between 40 and 70 have some degree of ED © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-16 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Prostate cancer Most common form of cancer in men over 40; risk increases with age Prostatitis Inflammation of the prostate gland; may be acute or chronic Testicular cancer Malignant growth in one or both testicles; more common in males 15–30 years; aggressive malignancy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-17 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Match: C More common in men over 40 years old. A Common in older men; symptoms include difficulties with urination. A. BPH B. Epididymitis C. Prostrate cancer D. Testicular cancer D More common in males 15-30 years old; aggressive. B Often starts as urinary tract infection; symptoms include swelling of the scrotum and painful ejaculation. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-18 The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries – Produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone – Medulla ~ nerves and lymphatic and blood vessels – Cortex ~ ovarian follicles Female System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-20 Ovaries and Ovum Formation Primordial follicles • Primary oocyte • Follicular cells Polar body Oogenesis At puberty Primary oocyte stimulated to continue meiosis Secondary oocyte Released during ovulation Ovum, if fertilized © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-21 Internal Accessory Organs – Female • Fallopian tube – oviduct – Infundibulum and fimbriae • Fringed, expanded end of fallopian tube near ovary • Function to “catch” an ovum – Muscular tube • Lined with mucous membrane and cilia • Propels ovum toward uterus Internal Accessory Organs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-22 Internal Accessory Organs – Female (cont.) • Vagina • Uterus – Receives embryo and sustains its development – Extends from uterus to outside body – Divisions – Rugae – Wall ~ three layers – Wall ~ three layers Internal Accessory Organs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-24 External Accessory Organs - Female • Mammary glands – Secretion of milk – Structures • Nipple • Areola • Alveolar glands © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-25 External Genitalia – Female • Vulva • Clitoris – Labia majora • Adipose tissue and skin • Form the mons pubis – Labia minora • • • • Vascular folds of skin Form hood over clitoris Vestibule Bartholin’s glands – Contains female erectile tissue – Rich in sensory nerves • Perineum – between vagina and anus Female System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-26 Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm • Nervous stimulation – Clitoris becomes erect – Bartholin’s glands activate – Vagina elongates • Orgasm – Sufficient stimulation of clitoris – Walls of uterus and fallopian tubes contract to propel sperm © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-27 Female Reproductive Hormones Hypothalamus secretes GnRH Ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone GnRH Anterior pituitary releases FSH & LH Estrogen and progesterone are responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-28 Reproductive Cycle • Menstrual cycle – Regular changes in uterine lining – Shedding of lining and bleeding • Menarche – first menstrual period • Menopause – termination of cycle due to normal aging of ovaries © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-29 Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Anterior pituitary releases FSH Then releases LH Ovarian follicle matures and secretes estrogen Uterine lining thickens Lining more vascular and glandular Triggers ovulation Follicular cells become corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone Without fertilization Corpus luteum degenerates Estrogen and progesterone levels fall Uterine lining breaks down – menses starts Cycle begins again with release of FSH © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-30 YIPPEE! Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ANSWER: F The ovaries only produce estrogen. ___ produce estrogen and progesterone F Ovulation is the process of ovum formation. ___ Oogenesis T The fallopian tube is also called the oviduct. ___ F The endometrium is the outer layer of the uterine wall. ___ inner layer T Alveolar glands produce milk. ___ F ___Oxytocin induces the alveolar glands to deliver milk through the nipples. lactiferous ducts ___ F Menarche is the termination of the menstrual cycle. first T Menopause occurs due to normal aging of the ovaries. ___ © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-31 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Endometriosis Tissues of uterine lining grow outside of the uterus Fibrocystic breast Abnormal cystic tissue in the disease breast; size varies related to menstrual cycle Fibroids Benign tumors in the uterine wall Ovarian cancer More deadly than other types; detection difficult and often spreads before detection © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-32 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Disease/Disorder Description Breast cancer Cervical cancer Cervicitis Dysmenorrhea Second leading cause of cancer deaths in women Generally slow to develop; Pap smear detects abnormal cervical cells Inflammation of the cervix usually due to an infection Condition with severe menstrual cramps that limit normal activities © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-33 Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Premenstrual Collection of symptoms syndrome (PMS) occurring just before a menstrual period Vaginitis/ Inflammation of the vagina or vulvovaginitis inflammation of vagina and vulva; both associated with abnormal vaginal discharge Uterine Most common in post(endometrial) menopausal women; causes cancer about 6% of cancer deaths © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-34 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: ___ E Inflammation of the cervix A. Dysmenorrhea ___ G Cancer common in post-menopausal women B. Cervical cancer ___ B Develops slowly; detected by Pap smear C. Fibroids ___ F Uterine tissue grows outside uterus D. Breast cancer ___ D Second leading cause of cancer death in women E. Cervicitis ___ A Severe menstrual cramps F. Endometriosis ___ C Benign tumors in the uterine wall G. Uterine cancer © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-35 Pregnancy • Condition of having a developing offspring in the uterus • Fertilization – Sperm penetrates cell membrane – Zona pellucida becomes impenetrable – Zygote • Union of ovum and sperm nuclei • 46 chromosomes © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-36 The Prenatal Period • Zygote – undergoes rapid mitosis • Morula – ball of cells • Blastocyst – Implants in the endometrial wall – Inner cell mass becomes the embryo – Others plus cells from uterus form the placenta © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-37 The Prenatal Period (cont.) • Embryonic period – Inner cell mass organizes into the primary germ layer • Ectoderm • Mesoderm • Endoderm – Formation of • Placenta • Amnion • Umbilical cord • Yolk sack • Internal organs and external structures © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-38 The Prenatal Period (cont.) • Fetal period – fetus – Rapid growth – 5th month • Skeletal muscles active • Growth rate slows – 6th month – gains weight – Last 3 months – fetal brain cells rapidly divide – GI and respiratory systems last to develop © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-39 Fetal Circulation • Placenta and umbilical blood vessels – exchange nutrients, oxygen, and waste products • Unique differences – Foramen ovale ~ bypass lungs – Ductus arteriosus ~ between pulmonary trunk and aorta – Ductus venosus ~ bypasses liver © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-40 Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) – Secreted by embryonic cells – Maintains the corpus luteum • Estrogen and progesterone – Secreted by corpus luteum and placenta – Stimulate uterine lining to thicken – Inhibit release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-41 Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy (cont.) • Relaxin – Inhibits uterine contractions – Relaxes ligaments of pelvis • Lactogen – stimulates enlargements of mammary glands • Aldosterone – increases sodium and water retention • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – blood calcium levels © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-42 Apply Your Knowledge What are the primary germ layers and what tissue develops from them? ANSWER: The primary germ layers are the: Ectoderm – nervous tissue and some epithelial tissue Mesoderm – connective tissue and some epithelial tissue Endoderm – epithelial tissue only © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-43 The Birth Process • Begins when progesterone levels fall • Prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions • Uterine contractions stimulate release of oxytocin • Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-44 The Birth Process (cont.) • Dilation – Effacement – Lasts 8 – 24 hours • Expulsion or parturition – Actual birth stage – May take 30 minutes or less • Placental stage – Blood vessels constrict – Placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-45 The Postnatal Period • Six-week period – Neonatal period – first four weeks – Neonate adjusts to life outside uterus • Milk production and secretion – Prolactin – Oxytocin – Production continues as long as breastfeeding continues © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-46 Apply Your Knowledge What are the three stages of the birth process and what occurs during each? ANSWER: The three stages are: Dilation – the cervix thins, softens (effacement), and dilates to approximately 10 cm Expulsion – also called parturition; the actual birth stage Placental stage – placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled Impressive! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-47 Contraception Method Description Coitus interruptus Rhythm method Mechanical barriers Chemical barriers Penis is withdrawn from vagina before ejaculation; not a reliable method Requires abstinence around time of ovulation; not a reliable method Prevent sperm from entering female reproductive tract Destroy sperm in the female reproductive tract; primarily spermicides; often used with mechanical barriers © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-48 Contraception (cont.) Method Description Oral contraceptives Injectable contraceptives Birth control pills; prevent ovulation by preventing LH surge Prevent ovulation and alter lining of uterus to prevent implantation of blastocyst Insertable Ring inserted vaginally and removed contraceptives at the beginning of the 4th week to allow menstruation Contraceptive Small rods of progesterone implanted implants beneath skin; prevent ovulation © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-49 Contraception (cont.) Method Description Transdermal Contraceptives in the form of a patch; contraceptives applied weekly for 3 weeks; not used the 4th week to allow menstruation Intrauterine Small, solid devices placed into uterus device (IUD) by MD; prevents implantation of blastocyst Surgical Tubal ligation – fallopian tube is cut methods and tied Vasectomy – vas deferens is cut and tied © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-50 Apply Your Knowledge Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but she does not understand why she could get pregnant. She states, “ I have been very careful in using the rhythm method of birth control.” What patient teaching would you do to assist her to understand? ANSWER: The rhythm method is not as effective as other birth control, because it is sometimes difficult to tell when ovulation occurs. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-51 Infertility • • • • Inability to conceive Primary Secondary Causes – 15% unknown – 35% male-related problems – 50% female-related problems © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-52 Infertility (cont.) • Some male-related factors • Some female-related factors – Pelvic inflammatory disease – Impotence – Retrograde ejaculation – Low or absent sperm count – Decreased testosterone – No ovulation or menstrual cycle – Endometriosis – Older than 40 years © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-53 Infertility (cont.) • Tests – Semen analysis – Monitoring of morning body temperature – Blood hormone measurements – Endometrial biopsy – Urine analysis for LH – Hysterosalpingogram – Laparoscopy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-54 Infertility (cont.) • Treatments – Surgical repair of abnormalities – Fertility drugs – Hormone therapies – Artificial insemination – In vitro fertilization – Use of surrogate © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-55 Apply Your Knowledge Indicate whether each cause of infertility is male-related (M), female-related (F), or both (B). ANSWER: ___ M Retrograde ejaculation M Mumps infection ___ F Inadequate diet ___ ___ F Pelvic inflammatory disease ___ F Hormone imbalances M ___ Use of some medications ___ F Being over 40 years old B Scarring from STDs ___ Very good! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-56 Sexually Transmitted Disease Infections Occurring in Both Sexes STD Cause AIDS HIV virus causes AIDS Chlamydia Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomata.; most commonly reported; often no symptoms in female Genital Condyloma acuminat; caused by HPV; warts not everyone infected has symptoms Gonorrhea Bacterial cause: Neisseria gonorrhoea © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-57 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (cont.) STD Cause Herpes simplex Viral cause: type II commonly known as genital herpes Pubic lice Parasitic infestation; commonly called crabs; Pediculosis pubis Syphilis Bacterial cause: Treponema pallidum; decreasing in women but increasing in homosexual males Trichomoniasis Protozoan: Trichomonas vaginalis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-58 Apply Your Knowledge Match: ANSWER: ___ D Most commonly reported STD in the U.S. F Two types; both caused by a ___ virus E Crabs ___ C Increasing incidence in ___ males A Common bacterial STD; can ___ also grow in mouth B Caused by HPV virus ___ A. Gonorrhea B. Genital warts C. Syphilis D. Chlamydia E. Pubic lice F. Herpes simplex S U P E R ! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-59 In Summary 32.1 The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, responsible for sperm and hormone production; the accessory organs of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands; scrotum; and penis. 32.2 The diseases of the male reproductive system vary widely between simple inflammation and cancers. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-60 In Summary (cont.) 32.3 The organs of the female reproductive system include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The external accessory organs include the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, vaginal orifice, Bartholin’s glands, perineum, and mammary glands. 32.4 The diseases of the female reproductive system vary widely between simple inflammation and cancers. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-61 In Summary (cont.) 32.5 Fertilization occurs with the union of a sperm cell and an ovum, usually within the fallopian tubes. The fertilized ovum, now a blastocyst, implants in the endometrial wall of the uterus. The embryonic period occurs from week 2 through week 8 of the pregnancy; the fetal period is from week 9 through delivery. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-62 In Summary (cont.) 32.6 The birth process ends pregnancy and occurs in three stages: Dilation (effacement), expulsion (parturition), and placental stage (afterbirth). 32.7 Some of the contraceptive methods include coitus interruptus; barrier methods; chemical barriers; oral contraceptives; injectable, implantable, and insertable contraceptives; and intrauterine devices. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-63 In Summary (cont.) 32.8 The causes of infertility are varied, with about 15% of infertility from unknown causes. There are a number of infertility tests and treatments; the treatment plan depends on the reason for the infertility. 32.9 There are many sexually transmitted infections, all passed between sexual partners (both heterosexual and same-sex partners). © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32-64 End of Chapter 27 The reproduction of mankind is a great marvel and mystery. ~Martin Luther © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.