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Types of Chemical Reactions A + B AB Synthesis (Combination) reaction AB A + B Decomposition reaction ASingle-replacement A + BC AC + B reaction element BDouble-replacement reaction Polymerization Ause activity series to predict Bdriving force…water, gas, or precipitate element compound compound compound HX + BOH BX + HOH acid Combustion reaction (of a hydrocarbon) compound AB + CD AD + CB compound Neutralization reaction compound base salt water CH + O2 CO2 + H2O Polymer = monomer + monomer + … Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis (Combination) reaction Decomposition reaction ASingle-replacement reaction BDouble-replacement reaction Neutralization reaction Combustion reaction (of a hydrocarbon) Polymerization Ause activity series to predict Bdriving force…water, gas, or precipitate A + B AB AB A + B A + BC AC + B AB + CD AD + CB HX + BOH BX + HOH CH + O2 CO2 + H2O Polymer = monomer + monomer + … Chemical Equations Synthesis Reaction Direct combination reaction (Synthesis) 2 Na + Na Cl2 Cl Cl 2 NaCl Na General form: A element or compound + B element or compound AB compound Synthesis Reaction Direct combination reaction (Synthesis) 2 Na + Cl2 Na 2 NaCl Cl Na+ Cl - Cl Cl - Na+ Na General form: A element or compound + B element or compound AB compound Formation of a solid: AgCl AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) KNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s) lead (II) chloride + potassium iodide K1+ Pb2+ Cl1PbCl2 + I1- KI Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. potassium chloride + lead (II) iodide Pb2+ Cl1KCl (aq) K1+ + I1- PbI2 (ppt) lead (II) chloride + potassium iodide K1+ Pb2+ Cl1PbCl2 + I1- KI Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. potassium chloride + lead (II) iodide Pb2+ Cl1KCl (aq) K1+ + I1- PbI2 (ppt) Decomposition Reaction Decomposition reaction 2 H2 O 2 H2 + O2 H O H + H O H General form: AB compound A + B two or more elements or compounds Single and Double Replacement Reactions Single-replacement reaction Mg + CuSO4 General form: A + BC MgSO4 AC + + Cu B Double-replacement reaction CaCO3 + General form: AB + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2CO3 CD AD + CB Printable Version of Activity Series Activity Series Element Reactivity Ca Foiled again – Aluminum loses to Calcium Li Rb K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au Halogen Reactivity F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 acetate bromide carbonate chloride chromate hydroxide iodide nitrate phosphate sulfate sulfide TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER aluminum ss s n s n i s s i s d ammonium s s s s s s s s s s s barium s s i s i s s s i i d calcium s s i s s ss s s i ss d copper (II) s s i s i i n s i s i iron (II) s s i s n i s s i s i iron (III) s s n s i i n s i ss d lead s ss i ss i i ss s i i i magnesium s s i s s i s s i s d mercury (I) ss i i i ss n i s i ss i mercury (II) s ss i s ss i i s i d i potassium s s s s s s s s s s s silver ss i i i ss n i s i ss i sodium s s s s s s s s s s s zinc s s i s s i s s i s i Legend SOLID i = insoluble SOLIDsoluble ss = slightly AQUEOUS s = soluble d = decomposes n = not isolated acetate bromide carbonate chloride chromate hydroxide iodide nitrate phosphate sulfate sulfide TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER aluminum s aq n s n s aq aq s aq d ammonium aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq barium aq aq s aq s aq aq aq s s d calcium aq aq s aq aq ss aq aq s s d copper (II) aq aq s aq s s n aq s aq s iron (II) aq aq s aq n s s aq s aq s iron (III) aq aq n aq s s n aq s s d lead aq s s ss s s s aq s s s magnesium aq aq s aq aq s aq aq s aq d mercury (I) s s s s s n s aq s s si mercury (II) aq s s aq s s s aq s d si potassium aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq silver s s s s s n s s s s s sodium aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq zinc aq aq s aq aq s aq aq s aq s Legend s = solid aq = aqueous d = decomposes n = not isolated acetate bromide carbonate chloride chromate hydroxide iodide nitrate phosphate sulfate sulfide TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER aluminum ss s n s n i s s i s d ammonium s s s s s s s s s s s barium s s i s i s s s i i d calcium s s i s s ss s s i ss d copper (II) s s i s i i n s i s i iron (II) s s i s n i s s i s i iron (III) s s n s i i n s i ss d lead s ss i ss i i ss s i i i magnesium s s i s s i s s i s d mercury (I) ss i i i ss n i s i ss i mercury (II) s ss i s ss i i s i d i potassium s s s s s s s s s s s silver ss i i i ss n i s i ss i sodium s s s s s s s s s s s zinc s s i s s i s s i s i Legend s = solid aq = aqueous d = decomposes n = not isolated Solubility Rules 1. Most nitrates are soluble. 2. Most salts containing Group I ion and ammonium ion, NH4+, are soluble. 3. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+. 4. Most sulfate salts are soluble, except BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and CaSO4. 5. Most hydroxides except Group 1 and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 are only slightly soluble. 6. Most sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are only slightly soluble. Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, Knoespel, Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination 2006, page 91 Potassium reacts with Water POW! Double Replacement Reaction K2CO3 (aq) Potassium carbonate + BaCl2 (aq) Barium chloride 2 KCl (aq) Potassium chloride + BaCO3 (s) Barium carbonate Synthesis Reactions Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + Formation of water 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O Formation of salt 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl General Form A + B C 6 O2 Decomposition Reactions Hydrogen Peroxide 2 H2O2 2 H2O + 2 H2 + O2 Electrolysis of water 2 H2O electricity O2 Nitrogen triiodide 2 NI3 N2 + 3 I2 General Form AB A + B Predict if these reactions will occur 3 Mg + 2 AlCl3 2 Al + 3 MgCl2 Can magnesium replace aluminum? YES, magnesium is more reactive than aluminum. Activity Series Al + MgCl2 No reaction Can aluminum replace magnesium? NO, aluminum is less reactive than magnesium. Activity Series MgCl2 + Al Therefore, no reaction will occur. No reaction Order of reactants DOES NOT determine how they react. The question we must ask is can the single element replace its counterpart? metal replaces metal or nonmetal replaces nonmetal. Single-Replacement Reactions Activity Series “Magic blue-earth” Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + Cu Can Fe replace Cu? Yes Zinc in nitric acid Zn + 2 HNO3 Can Zn replace H? Zn(NO3)2 + H2 Yes NO REACTION MgCl2 + Can Br replace Cl? Br2 MgBr2 + No General Form A + BC AC + B Cl2 Li Rb K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 How would you prepare potassium nitrate (using a double replacement reaction)? KKOH NO33 HHNO OH ++ _________ _________ Ca(NO3)2 2 KOH + Ca(NO3)2 formation of water is a driving force. KNO3 ++ _________ H2O Both potassium nitrate and calcium chloride are soluble (no driving force – no reaction!) 2 KNO3 + Ca(OH)2 Combine a potassium hydroxide solution with nitric acid to yield soluble potassium nitrate. KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H?2O The water could then be removed by distillation to recover solid potassium nitrate. Predict if a reaction will occur when you combine aqueous solutions of iron (II) chloride with aqueous sodium carbonate solution. If the reaction does occur, write a Balanced balanced chemical equation showing it. (be sure to include phase notation) iron (II) chloride + sodium carbonate Fe2+ Cl1- Na1+ CO32- FeCl2 Na2CO3 sodium chloride + iron (II) carbonate Na1+ CO32- Fe2+ Cl1- FeCO3 (ppt) NaCl (aq) Using a SOLUBILITY TABLE: sodium chloride is soluble iron (II) carbonate is insoluble FeCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) Complete Ionic Equation Fe2+(aq) + 2Cl1-(aq) + 2Na1+(aq) + CO32-(aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + FeCO3 (ppt) 2Na1+(aq) + 2Cl1-(aq) + FeCO3(s)