Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Realism and Dickens 裴蕾&王娟娟&段晶晶 ●Critical Realism ●Dickens ●Other representatives Ⅰ.Social Background ◆Industrial Revolution (the second half of the 18C) → victory of the bourgeoisie over the aristocracy(贵族阶级) ◆The development of capitalism → working class arose ◆Feudal VS bourgeois classes for some time √1930s’fundamental contradiction: workers VS capitalists Ⅰ.Social Background ◆A typical capitalist country →aggravation(恶化) of contradictions at home and abroad → parliamentary reform (1832) →the Poor Law (1834) →Chartism(人民宪章运动): working-class movement (1836) Ⅰ.Social Background ◆The People’s Charter (人民宪章 ), 1837 √workers’ political demands ◆The people’s parliament gathered,1837 ◆European revolutionary events, 1940s’ √strengthened the English working-class movement ◆late 1940s’, decline of Chartism ◆social contradictions & poems Thomas Hood (1799~1845) Mrs Elizabeth Barret Browning Ⅱ.Chartist Movement & Chartist Literature ◆Industrial Revolution → industrial workers, associations → 1834,establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, aim: uniting the whole working class (a new stage) ◆The Chartist Movement * late 1930s’, London→ industrial North *February1837,a petition by the London Workingman’s Association →six points later known as the People’s Charter: Ⅱ.Chartist Movement & Chartist Literature 1) equal electoral districts 2) abolition of the property qualifications for M.P.s 3) universal manhood suffrage (选举权) 4) annual parliaments 5) vote by ballot(无记名投票表决) 6) the payment of M.P.s Drafted into *Spring of 1838,the Six Points →a Parliamentary Bill → the Charter of the Workers *rapid development of the Chartist Movement showed Ⅱ.Chartist Movement & Chartist Literature English workers: an independent political force the industrial bourgeoisie →principal enemy *the Petition was rejected by Parliament in 1838 (1,280,000 signatures) *Chartism spread like wildfire after 1838 (economic crisis) a second Petition (3,315,000=half the adult male population of Great Britain), rejected in 1842 Ⅱ.Chartist Movement & Chartist Literature *the Trade Union Conference √Proposed: the People’s Charter →law , strikes →Strikes broke out in North Troops by government → Chartism was suppressed for a time → Revived during crises of 1846 and of 1848 (level) → Lingered on till 1860 Result: Chartism failed Significance: signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history Ⅱ.Chartist Movement & Chartist Literature ◆Chartist Literature *articles on political and economical issues poems ,short stories and essays on literature *a new theme introduced into literature: The struggle of the proletariat (无产阶级) for its rights *the Chartist writers √ Remain true to traditions of English humanist and democratic literature √Portrayed the irreconcilable struggle( proletariat and ruling class) Ⅱ.Chartist Movement & Chartist Literature √expressed firm faith in the ultimate victory of the suffering people Significance: The Chartist poetry, heroic and revolutionary played an important role in the development of English progressive literature in connection with the working class movement. Representatives: Ernest Jones Thomas Cooper Willam James Linton Ⅲ.English Critical Realism *English Critical realism appeared (tense class struggle) flourished (1940s’ and early 1950s’) *English critical realists √a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class √profound sympathy for the common people Ⅲ.English Critical Realism *works: the upper classes VS greed & hypocrisy Humor (tinged with lyricism) Positive characters Fine qualities the lower classes honesty & good-heartedness Satire The bourgeois society The seamy (evil) side Ⅲ.English Critical Realism *Strength Reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature (root: democracy& humanism) *Weakness √not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society √unable to find a solution to contradictions √works not of revolution but of reformism Ⅲ.English Critical Realism *Contribution: perfection of the novel “the epic of the bourgeois society” √Social and political events √Fate of individuals *19c novelists: A step further (compared with 18c) √ Conflicts between individuals √ The broad social conflicts above the fate of individuals Guess? Striking force and truthfulness Bourgeois civilization Misery and suffering of poor The greatest English realist ---- Charles Dickens Representatives • William Makepeace Thackeray • Charles Dickens William Makepeace Thackeray (1811—1863) 威廉•梅克皮斯•萨克雷 William Makepeace Thackeray His Life born in India 5 years sent to England Cambridge Indian Company official cartoon drawing satirical verses edited a student paper 1830, without a degree His Life France Germany into politics England articles, satirical sketches The national standard Italy a bourgeois radical newspaper Vanity Fair in 1847 peak His Life success in Writing career failure in his life 1. tragic marriage 2. neglected by Mother 3. looked down upon by his peers 4. heart troubles died of heart attack in London on Christmas Eve in 1863 His Literary Works – 1) The Book of Snobs 《势利者集》 – 2) Vanity Fair《名利场》 – 3) The History of Pendennis 《彭登 尼斯》 – 4) The Newcomes 《纽克姆一家》 – 5) The History of Henny Esmond 《亨利•埃斯蒙德》 – 6) The Virginians 《弗吉尼亚人》 Charles Dickens 狄更斯 (1812—1870) Charles Dickens Family Life Father – John Dickens Mother – Elizabeth Barrow Father was a Navel clerk Financially comfortable and then poor • Parents were sent to a Debtors Prison • • • • Dickens’ early years • Family imprisoned for debt • Young Charles forced to work in shoe factory: • Warrens Blacking Factory • Mostly self-educated – irregular schooling • In 1827, he took a job as a legal clerk • He then worked as a reporter in courts and in Parliament His Death • I never knew an author’s death to cause such general mourning. It is no exaggeration to say that this whole country is stricken with grief. London and the Times Charles Dickens created 20 novels during his life. Offered us a profound complete realistic picture of the English society of mid-19th century 3 period of his literary career The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》 Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》 Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》 The Old Curiocity Shop 《老古玩店》 Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·翟述伟》 Dombey and Son 《董贝父子 》 David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》 Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》 Hard Times 《艰难时代》 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》 Great Expectations 《远大前程》 David Copperfield ———Dickens' most autobiographical work. the first person narrator Bildungsroman David Copperfield who is kind to others will be paid with kindness and evil will not. ★Someone ★ Content makes happiness. ★ Money will not directly bring happiness. Early period (1836-1845) ☆Gentle social criticism温和的社会讽刺 ☆Fantastic optimism充满幻想的乐观精神 ☆picaresque ☆Exaggeration 夸张的艺术手法 “流浪汉小说”的结构模式 The middle period (1846-1857) ◇ He criticise bourgeois and their morality 对资产者及其道德的辛辣批判 ◇ Gentle moralism 温和的道德主义 ◇ The plot and structure are more complete unified 情节结构更为完整统一 ◇ Humor and satire 幽默讽刺风格 The later period (1858-1870) ◆Humor and satire social criticism 广泛、尖锐的社会批判 ◆Gentle reformism and strong humanitarian 温和的改良主义和强烈的人道主义 ◆Exploration of man’s inner conflicts 尖锐的矛盾冲突主导情节设计 ◆Symbolism 象征手法 Characteristics of the works the wide spreading of critical realism the spirit of democracy and humanism The construction of plot is pretty complicated. more than one minor clues besides the main core of the story Literary style: florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch Characters: ★based on people he knew. ★ memorable in English literature. ★ related to readers Autobiographical elements Episodic writing: in monthly or weekly instalments in journals Literary techniques: ▼'idealised' characters and highly sentimental scenes ▼social realism ▼incredible coincidences